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Doctor of Nursing Science Program 81which questions relevant to nursing science can be examined. They review the processesby which these designs and instruments are applied in specific clinical investigations,and the processes by which established techniques may be adapted to specific questionsand circumstances. The creation of instruments for clinical research, including thosemeasuring physiological as well as behavioral phenomena, is addressed. Research issuesrelated to the study of care phenomena and delivery are explored with an emphasis onquestions concerning individual differences, adaptation, and long-term consequences,i.e., outcomes of care, with particular focus on the methodological implications of questionsposed.Required courses are: 901a, 903a, 905b, 907, and 917b.PolicyThis sequence contains two required courses. Nurses prepared at the doctoral level forprofessional leadership increasingly need to see clinical issues in the context of policy.The ways in which the values of an organized society are expressed and mediatedthrough institutions, law, legislation, regulation, professional associations, historical factors,and future alternatives and innovations form the basis for analysis of policy as itaffects nursing’s practice and the health care delivery system. To educate the next generationof advanced practice nurses, nurse educators and clinical scholars need to understandthe planning, structure, regulation, financing, and management of health care.Required courses: 941b and 961a.Focus AreasStudents select one focus area.management of health and illnessThis focus is on in-depth study of the human experience of health and illness, developmentalissues, health promotion, trajectory of illness, demands of illness, family burden,environments for care, loss, adaptation, coping, normalization, quality of life, and healthpolicy related to health and illness, as well as long-term outcomes for adults and childrenwith acute and chronic conditions.Required courses: 943a/b.health services delivery and policyAs the health care delivery systems develop increasingly complex relations within andacross all settings, the need for nurses prepared to influence these systems effectivelybecomes more important. This focus area prepares nurses for leadership positions inthese new settings. They are able to manage change, improve the health care delivered,and enhance the contexts in which care is rendered. Graduates of this focus are expectedto be mentors and leaders for their colleagues and students, and to collaborate closelywith members of other disciplines involved in health services delivery and policy. Theyare prepared to assume positions in academia, government, health delivery systems, professionalorganizations, think tanks, and other entities involved in health deliveryand policy.Required courses: 719a, 961a.