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Claridge, G. 1996. Legal approaches to controlling the impacts of intensive shrimp aquaculture: adversefactors in the Thai situation. Paper presented to the International Law Institute Workshop on Legaland Regulatory Aspects of Aquaculture in India and Southeast Asia, Bangkok, 11–13 Mar.Clay, J.W. 1996. Market potentials for redressing the environmental impact of wild captured and pondproducedshrimp. Draft. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, 21 Nov.Clay, J.W. 1997. Toward sustainable shrimp culture. World Aquaculture 28(3):32–37, Sept.Clifford, H.C., III. 1994. Semi-intensive sensation: a case study in marine shrimp pond management. WorldAquaculture Sept.Corredor, T.E., & J.M. Morrel. 1994. Nitrate depuration of secondary effluents in mangrove sediments.Estuaries 17(1B):295–300.Crampton, V. 1996. Environmental loading down to 20 percent of previous levels. Fish FarmingInternational Nov.Csavas, I. 1994. Recommendations for sustainable aquaculture. Paper presented at the SEAFDEC/AQDSeminar-Workshop on Aquaculture Development in Southeast Asia, Iloilo City, Philippines; 26–28 July.Dierberg, F.E., & W. Kiattisimkul. 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture inThailand. Environmental Management 20(5):649–666.Douglas, I. 1996. In the spotlight: big demand for a small resource raises the stakes in the spot market.Seafood Leader Nov./Dec.Edeson, W.R. 1994. The legal regime governing aquaculture in Vietnam. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter(FAN) No. 8, Dec.Edwards, E. 1996. Shrimp farm protest campaigns hit the people most in need. Fish Farming InternationalNov.Enright, J. 1995. Aquaculture degrades Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park. Coastal Management in TropicalAsia, Mar.Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1988. Aspects of FAO’s policies, programmes, budget andactivities aimed at contributing to sustainable development. Document presented to the 94thsession of the FAO Council, Rome, 15–25 Nov.FAO. 1989. Culture of Kelp (Laminaria japonica) in China. FAO Training Manual (PublicationRAS/86/024), Jan. Prepared for the Laminaria Polyculture with Mollusk Training Course,conducted by the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in Qingdao, China, 15 June–31 July.FAO. 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome.FAO. 1996. World Aquaculture Production 1985–1994, FAO Fisheries Technical Circular No. 815, Rev. 8.FAO, Rome. FAO Aquaculture Statistics.FAO. 1997. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 5: Aquaculture Development. FAO,Rome.FAO. 1998. Meeting Summary. Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable ShrimpCulture, Bangkok, 8–11 Dec. 1997. FAO Fisheries Report No. 572. FAO, Rome.Fast, A.W., & L.J. Lester (Eds). 1992. Marine Shrimp Culture. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Fegan, D.F. 1996. Sustainable shrimp farming in Asia: vision or pipe-dream. Aquaculture Asia 1(2,Oct./Dec.):22–28.Ferdouse, F. 1994. The international market for cultured shrimp. Infofish International June.Ferdouse, F. 1996. Shrimp market situation in Asia. Infofish International Feb.Ferdouse, F. 1997. Personal communication.Ferdouse, F., & E. Hempel. 1996. Farmed shrimp adds new angle to the market. Seafood International Dec.Flaherty, M., & C. Karnjanakesorn. 1995. Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation inThailand. Environmental Management 19(1):27–37.Flaherty, M., & P. Vandergeest. 1988. Low salt shrimp aquaculture in Thailand: goodbye coastline, helloKhon Kaen. Environmental Management 22(6):817–835.Flaherty, M., P. Vandergeest, & P. Miller. 1988. Rice paddy or shrimp pond: tough decisions in rural Thailand(draft).Flegel, T.W. 1996. Major Viral Diseases of the Black Tiger Prawn in Thailand. Department ofBiotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok.Flegel, T.W., S. Boonyaratpalin, & B. Withyachumnarkul. 1996. Progress in Research on Yellow-HeadVirus and White-Spot Virus in Thailand. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science,Mahidol University, Bangkok.96
Folke, C. & N. Kautsky. 1989. The role of ecosystems for a sustainable development of aquaculture. Ambio18:234-243.Folke, N., N. Kautsky, & M. Troell. 1994. Journal of Environmental Management 40(173).Funge-Smith, S.J., & J.A. Stewart. 1996. Coastal aquaculture: identification of social, economic andenvironmental constraints to sustainability with reference to shrimp culture. In: Coastal Aquacultureand Environment: Strategies for Sustainability 1996 (Final Report, Research Project R 6011).Overseas Development Assistance, UK.GEF/UNDP/IMO MPP-EAS & CMC. 1996. Enhancing the Success of Integrated Coastal Management:Good Practices in the Formulation, Design, and Implementation of Integrated CoastalManagement Initiatives. MPP-EAS Technical Report No. 2. GEF/UNDP/IMO RegionalProgramme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas, andthe Coastal Management Center, Quezon City, Philippines.GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). 1986.Environmental capacity: an approach to marine pollution prevention. GESAMP Reports and Studies30:49.GESAMP. 1991. Reducing environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture. GESAMP Reports and Studies47:35.GESAMP. 1996a. Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. GESAMP Reports andStudies 57:38.GESAMP. 1996b. The contributions of science to integrated coastal management. GESAMP Reports andStudies 61:66.GESAMP. 1997. Towards safe and effective use of chemicals in coastal aquaculture. GESAMP Reports andStudies 65:40.GESAMP. 1999. Planning for sustainable aquaculture development. GESAMP Reports and Studies.Gilbert, A.J., & R. Janssen. 1997. The use of environmental functions to evaluate management strategiesfor the Pagbilao mangrove forest. IIED CREED No 15, Working Paper Series. Institute forEnvironmental Studies, Vrije University, Netherlands; United Nations Environmental Programme;and Environment and Policy Institute, East/West Center, Honolulu.Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA). 1998. Code of Practice for Responsible Shrimp Farming.http://www.gaalliance.org/book.html.Government of Belize. 1997. A review of the environmental impact of aquaculture in Belize and guidelinesfor sustainable development. MacAlister Elliot Partners Ltd for the Coastal Zone ManagementProgramme, Government of Belize; and UNDP.Greenpeace. 1995. Coastal aquaculture in the context of the CBD. Paper prepared for the Second Meetingof the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Jakarta, 6–17 Nov.Griffin, N. 1996. In the pink in New England. Seafood Leader Nov./Dec.Gujja, B., & A. Finger-Stich. 1995. Shrimp aquaculture: inefficient natural resource uses and socialconflicts in tropical coastal areas of Asia (draft).Hambrey, J.B. 1993. Coastal Zone Management in North Sumatra: Alternative Economic Uses of theMangrove of Northeast Sumatra. ODA/Dinas Perikanan.Hambrey, J.B. 1996a. Comparative economics of land use options in mangrove. Aquaculture Asia 1(2,Oct./Dec.):10–21.Hambrey, J.B. 1996b. The mangrove questions. Asian Shrimp News 2nd Quarter.Hambrey, J.B. 1996c. The sustainability of shrimp farming. Paper presented at Seminar on the AquacultureIndustry: Prospects and Issues, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 22–23 Aug. Organized byConfederation of Indian Industry.Hambrey, J.B. 1998. Resource utilization in the coastal zone. Invited paper presented at the 5 th Asian FisheriesForum, Chiangmai, Thailand, 11–14 Nov.Hambrey, J.B., & C.K. Lin. 1996. Shrimp farming in Thailand. Paper presented to Camaronicultura ’96 ForoInternational, Mazatlan, Mexico, 1–3 Aug.Hambrey, J.B., & K. Chowdhury. 1998. The concept of environmental capacity and its application toaquaculture development planning and regulation. Paper presented at the 5 th Asian Fisheries Forum,Chiangmai, Thailand, 11–14 Nov.Hambrey, J.B., C.K. Lin, & U. Win Latt. 1998. Capacity Development for Poverty Elimination in Tra VinhProvince: Aquaculture Component. Preliminary appraisal and project planning (consultancy report).UNDP (Vietnam), VIE/96/025.97
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sensitivity analysis should include
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ABBREVIATIONSMTkgmcmhaozPUDFOBCIFC&
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ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORTIn Chapte
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same time, development is necessary
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Current shrimp farming practice inc
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Current status of the industryToday
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In recent years, several major crop
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CHAPTER 2: SHRIMP FARMING SYSTEMSSh
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FeedsHatcheries use a combination o
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FIGURE 8. CONTINUUM OF DIFFERENT SH
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TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF INPUTS FOR T
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Shrimp farming systems vary greatly
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creeks, and sea-grass beds, fulfill
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arrangement in Thailand, for exampl
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capacity is not exceeded, the nutri
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shrimp or high-value finfish produc
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In more immediately practical terms
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Disease prevention and managementDi
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(Raa 1996) indicates that it is pos
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suitable for human consumption or f
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• Supply and effluent canals shou
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CHAPTER 4: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPA
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opportunities would need to be iden
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26 workdays per hectare, and an ext
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Page 58 and 59: Minimizing negative social repercus
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 5: FINANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIAT
Page 62 and 63: Credit riskAccess to credit at fair
Page 64 and 65: Natural factorsShrimp diseaseThe ou
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 6: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Page 68 and 69: Planning and resource managementIna
Page 70 and 71: Such initiatives have been or are b
Page 72 and 73: Conclusions and recommendationsReco
Page 74 and 75: equired to promote sustainability a
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 7: PROJECT PLANNING AND ASS
Page 78 and 79: • Appraisal and supervision missi
Page 80 and 81: The structure of the executive summ
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDAT
Page 84 and 85: • Requirements and guidance for f
Page 86 and 87: EmploymentAs mentioned in the repor
Page 88 and 89: ANNEX 1: A BLUEPRINT FOR FEASIBILIT
Page 90 and 91: • Sensitivity calculations and an
Page 92 and 93: Table A4: World shrimp farming prod
Page 94 and 95: ANNEX 4: CASE STUDIES UNDERTAKEN BY
Page 96 and 97: ColombiaThe Adoption of Good Manage
Page 98 and 99: LocationAppendix A--Meetings Held o
Page 104 and 105: BIBLIOGRAPHYAdger, W.N. 1998. Susta
Page 108 and 109: Hambrey, J.B., M. Phillips, K. Chow
Page 110 and 111: Phillips, M.J., & D.J. Macintosh. 1
Page 112: World Commission on Environment and
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