Shrimp Farming and the Environment - Library

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TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF INPUTS FOR THREE SHRIMP GROW-OUT METHODSCharacteristics Extensive Semi-intensive IntensiveImpoundment/pond area 1–100 ha 5–25 ha 0.01–5 haPond shape Irregular More regular More regularStockingdensity (/ha) 5,000–30,000 25,000–200,000 200,000+(/m 2 ) 0.5–3 2.5–20 20+Water exchange rate (/day) 5–10% (tides) 10–20% (pump) 0–30%+ (pump)Water depth (m) 0.4–1.0 0.7–1.5 1.0–2.0Aeration None Sometimes “Moderate amount”,especially towards theend of production cycleShrimp feedNaturally occurringorganisms(sometimessupplementedw/organic fertilizer)Shrimp feed oragricultural byproducts(e.g., ricebran, oil seed cake)augments naturallyoccurring organismsPrimarily formulatedfeed (less than 5%naturally occurringfoods) and/or “trash”fishSurvival rates
TABLE 4. OVERVIEW OF SHRIMP FARMING IN MAJOR PRODUCING NATIONS: 1996Country No. of Total area Production Extensive SemiintensiveIntensivefarms (ha) (head-on, MT)Belize 6 600 2,000 0% 90% 10%Costa Rica 4 800 1,000 0% 100% 0%Ecuador 1,200 130,000 120,000 60% 40% 0%Honduras 55 12,000 10,000 5% 95% 0%Mexico 240 14,000 12,000 25% 65% 10%Nicaragua 20 4,000 3,000 0% 100% 0%Peru 40 3,000 5,000 5% 90% 5%USA 30 700 1,300 0% 80% 20%Venezuela 7 800 2,000 0% 100% 0%Australia 33 400 1,700 0% 20% 80%Bangladesh 13,000 140,000 35,000 90% 10% 0%China 6,000 120,000 80,000 10% 85% 5%India 10,000 200,000 70,000 60% 35% 5%Indonesia 60,000 350,000 90,000 70% 15% 15%Malaysia 400 4,000 4,000 40% 50% 10%Philippines 1,000 60,000 4,000 40% 40% 20%Sri Lanka 900 2,500 2,000 10% 20% 70%Thailand 16,000 70,000 160,000 5% 15% 80%Vietnam 2,000 200,000 30,000 80% 15% 5%Total 110,935 1,312,800 633,000Source: Rosenberry 1996. NB: Figures are approximate only and do not include all shrimp farming nations.Ecuador is making the transition from extensive to semi-intensive farming. Northern China pursues itsown model of semi-intensive farming. Japan; Taiwan, Republic of China; the U.S.; Australia; Thailand;Sri Lanka; and some European countries concentrate on intensive shrimp farming, and intensive farmsoccur in all major shrimp farming areas of the world, but especially in Thailand, Sri Lanka, andAustralia.ScaleShrimp farms vary enormously in scale, in terms of both area used and production. Small farms inSoutheast Asia may be half a hectare or less, while semi-intensive farms in South and Central Americamay cover thousands of hectares. Small-scale operations are characterized by low investments and aninterplay with other operators, often more sophisticated and larger-scale, in their vicinity.Small farms are often thought to have limited impact on the environment. This is misleading; thecumulative impact of a large number of contiguous small farms (or those in close proximity) can be asenvironmentally damaging, or more so, than single large-scale developments. It is therefore importantto take into account the density of development, especially in relation to carrying capacity, whenconsidering the environmental impact of aquaculture.The procurement of post-larvae (PL) for larger operations is often undertaken by small-scale operators,sometimes from the wild-capture fishery. The danger involved in such operations is that the small-scaleoperator often lacks the ability to take on responsibility for this ecosystem because of a poor economicsituation and lack of training. Small operators therefore tend to focus on short-term survival of theirown operations at the expense of the environment, even when they understand the local ecosystems.Thus, such operations tend to be detrimental to the environment, and particularly to the sustainability ofboth shrimp farming and capture fisheries.Summary and conclusionsA wide range of shrimp farming technologies, production systems, and scale of enterprise are foundthroughout the world, from highly extensive systems based on passive stocking and little if anyfertilizer or feed inputs, to highly intensive systems using high stocking densities, formulated feeds,and intensive aeration. They may be located in marine, brackish, and even inland waters, but typicallyuse earthen ponds. Although the use of hatchery-produced seed is increasingly common, almost allhatcheries still depend on wild broodstock.18
Page 7 and 8: sensitivity analysis should include
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONSMTkgmcmhaozPUDFOBCIFC&
Page 11 and 12: ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORTIn Chapte
Page 13 and 14: same time, development is necessary
Page 15 and 16: Current shrimp farming practice inc
Page 17 and 18: Current status of the industryToday
Page 19 and 20: In recent years, several major crop
Page 21: CHAPTER 2: SHRIMP FARMING SYSTEMSSh
Page 24 and 25: FeedsHatcheries use a combination o
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Page 30 and 31: Shrimp farming systems vary greatly
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Page 38 and 39: shrimp or high-value finfish produc
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Page 42 and 43: Disease prevention and managementDi
Page 44 and 45: (Raa 1996) indicates that it is pos
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Page 48 and 49: • Supply and effluent canals shou
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 4: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPA
Page 52 and 53: opportunities would need to be iden
Page 54 and 55: 26 workdays per hectare, and an ext
Page 56 and 57: One of the key elements for success
Page 58 and 59: Minimizing negative social repercus
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Page 62 and 63: Credit riskAccess to credit at fair
Page 64 and 65: Natural factorsShrimp diseaseThe ou
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 6: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Page 68 and 69: Planning and resource managementIna
Page 70 and 71: Such initiatives have been or are b
Page 72 and 73: Conclusions and recommendationsReco
Page 74 and 75: equired to promote sustainability a
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 7: PROJECT PLANNING AND ASS
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• Appraisal and supervision missi
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The structure of the executive summ
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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDAT
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• Requirements and guidance for f
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EmploymentAs mentioned in the repor
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ANNEX 1: A BLUEPRINT FOR FEASIBILIT
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• Sensitivity calculations and an
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Table A4: World shrimp farming prod
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ANNEX 4: CASE STUDIES UNDERTAKEN BY
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ColombiaThe Adoption of Good Manage
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LocationAppendix A--Meetings Held o
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAdger, W.N. 1998. Susta
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Claridge, G. 1996. Legal approaches
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Hambrey, J.B., M. Phillips, K. Chow
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Phillips, M.J., & D.J. Macintosh. 1
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World Commission on Environment and
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