Shrimp Farming and the Environment - Library

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Minimizing negative social repercussions and maximizing the positive ones will require governmentintervention and political will. As with environmental impacts, the solution to these problems cannot beapplied on a case-by-case basis. Rather, a planned approach to issues of resource access anddegradation must be developed, involving some form of land-use planning or zoning. Issues of equityand wealth distribution can only be tackled through interventions in the form of tax policies, grant aid,credit, and other economic instruments. But any such interventions must take account of the inherentrisks associated with aquaculture—risks that are greater for those with fewer financial resources, skills,and education.There are two main components to making shrimp aquaculture more socially and economicallydesirable:• Reducing the negative externalities of resource appropriation or degradation; and• Increasing participation of the poor in shrimp farming activities, or distributing the benefitsmore widely, or both.The first of these will require effective land and resource use planning. The second will requiregovernment intervention in the form of grant aid, credit, tax incentives, or some form of redistributivetaxation (e.g., taxing successful shrimp farmers to generate funding for services or developmentinitiatives for the poor). The risks associated with shrimp culture must be taken fully into account whenconsidering promoting shrimp farm development among poorer sectors of society. Ideally, measuresrelating to both of these strategies should form part of a local resource management or integratedcoastal management plan, although provisions regarding taxation and other economic instruments willdepend critically on compatibility with national policy and legislation. Given the rate of resourcedegradation in coastal areas of developing countries, and the significant levels of social conflictassociated with shrimp aquaculture in some countries, initiatives along these lines are urgentlyrequired. These approaches are difficult and costly but cannot be avoided if shrimp farming is to bemade more sustainable. They are analyzed more fully in Chapter 6.It is notable that neither of these issues can be addressed effectively through project-levelenvironmental impact assessment (EIA)—whether or not social impact assessment is included—exceptin the case of large isolated developments. The social problems associated with shrimp culture, as withthe environmental problems, are generally cumulative and incremental in nature, and therefore requirea broader resource use planning approach.Sector EIA, on the other hand, incorporating social impact assessment, may have an important role toplay in developing appropriate sector or natural resource development plans, which may serve as thebuilding blocks for broader-based integrated coastal management plans.Summary of measures to reduce social impactsAll those measures discussed in the previous chapter, insofar as they reduce environmental impact andresource degradation, are likely to help reduce social impacts, as well. In addition, specific measureswill be required to address issues of resource appropriation, income distribution, and equity. These arepolitical issues and will require political will and political solutions at the national and local levels.However, the following specific measures may be appropriate, depending on local circumstances:1. Sector EIA incorporating comprehensive and cumulative social impact assessments as well asparticipatory approaches to problem identification and solution;2. An aquaculture development plan, preferably developed as part of a wider natural resource orintegrated coastal management plan, drawing on the findings of the sector EIA. In addition tothose provisions discussed in the previous chapter, this plan should include:• Social and economic objectives of aquaculture development;• Measures to protect the interests and rights of existing resource users;• Measures for facilitating access of relatively poor local people to shrimp farming on suitablesites (conditional on the measures presented in the previous chapters for ensuring moresustainable production). Depending on local circumstances, these might include:• Preferential access to licenses, permits, use-rights, or ownership for local people;• Modest grants and limited credit for farm development and initial operations;• Tax exemptions or “holidays” during start-up;47
• Training and agricultural extension support;• Infrastructure (e.g., canals, water treatment, marketing/supply services); and• Assistance in the establishment and organization of farmer representative groups;• Provisions for monitoring and analyzing social and economic impact, to inform policyformulation; and• Provisions for adapting the plan and associated incentives and constraints in the light offindings of the monitoring program;• Project or program EIA for major shrimp farming initiatives, incorporating comprehensivesocial impact assessment and participatory approaches to problem identification and solution;• A suite of incentives and constraints, appropriate to local circumstances, drawn up to supportplan implementation.48
Page 7 and 8: sensitivity analysis should include
Page 9 and 10: ABBREVIATIONSMTkgmcmhaozPUDFOBCIFC&
Page 11 and 12: ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORTIn Chapte
Page 13 and 14: same time, development is necessary
Page 15 and 16: Current shrimp farming practice inc
Page 17 and 18: Current status of the industryToday
Page 19 and 20: In recent years, several major crop
Page 21: CHAPTER 2: SHRIMP FARMING SYSTEMSSh
Page 24 and 25: FeedsHatcheries use a combination o
Page 26 and 27: FIGURE 8. CONTINUUM OF DIFFERENT SH
Page 28 and 29: TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF INPUTS FOR T
Page 30 and 31: Shrimp farming systems vary greatly
Page 32 and 33: creeks, and sea-grass beds, fulfill
Page 34 and 35: arrangement in Thailand, for exampl
Page 36 and 37: capacity is not exceeded, the nutri
Page 38 and 39: shrimp or high-value finfish produc
Page 40 and 41: In more immediately practical terms
Page 42 and 43: Disease prevention and managementDi
Page 44 and 45: (Raa 1996) indicates that it is pos
Page 46 and 47: suitable for human consumption or f
Page 48 and 49: • Supply and effluent canals shou
Page 50 and 51: CHAPTER 4: SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPA
Page 52 and 53: opportunities would need to be iden
Page 54 and 55: 26 workdays per hectare, and an ext
Page 56 and 57: One of the key elements for success
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 5: FINANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIAT
Page 62 and 63: Credit riskAccess to credit at fair
Page 64 and 65: Natural factorsShrimp diseaseThe ou
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 6: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Page 68 and 69: Planning and resource managementIna
Page 70 and 71: Such initiatives have been or are b
Page 72 and 73: Conclusions and recommendationsReco
Page 74 and 75: equired to promote sustainability a
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 7: PROJECT PLANNING AND ASS
Page 78 and 79: • Appraisal and supervision missi
Page 80 and 81: The structure of the executive summ
Page 82 and 83: CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDAT
Page 84 and 85: • Requirements and guidance for f
Page 86 and 87: EmploymentAs mentioned in the repor
Page 88 and 89: ANNEX 1: A BLUEPRINT FOR FEASIBILIT
Page 90 and 91: • Sensitivity calculations and an
Page 92 and 93: Table A4: World shrimp farming prod
Page 94 and 95: ANNEX 4: CASE STUDIES UNDERTAKEN BY
Page 96 and 97: ColombiaThe Adoption of Good Manage
Page 98 and 99: LocationAppendix A--Meetings Held o
Page 104 and 105: BIBLIOGRAPHYAdger, W.N. 1998. Susta
Page 106 and 107: Claridge, G. 1996. Legal approaches
Page 108 and 109:
Hambrey, J.B., M. Phillips, K. Chow
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Phillips, M.J., & D.J. Macintosh. 1
Page 112:
World Commission on Environment and
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