EmploymentAs mentioned in <strong>the</strong> report, too little is known about <strong>the</strong> employment effects of shrimp farming.Arguments are made that aquaculture creates employment both directly <strong>and</strong> indirectly. On a globalscale, it is estimated that at least 1 million people are directly employed in shrimp culture. Estimatessuggest that <strong>the</strong> number of people employed in related activities is many times that figure. Ifprocessing, packaging, <strong>and</strong> distribution are done in <strong>the</strong> area, <strong>the</strong> local employment figures riseconsiderably.In order to obtain better measures of <strong>the</strong> employment effects of shrimp aquaculture, field studies shouldexamine labor statistics <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r data at each of <strong>the</strong> farms <strong>and</strong> in each of <strong>the</strong> countries included in <strong>the</strong>present study. These data should be analyzed with regard to both <strong>the</strong> volumes <strong>and</strong> types of employment<strong>the</strong> aquacultural activities have created. This study should build on previous surveys, such as <strong>the</strong> oneundertaken by NACA <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> ADB (1994).Particular attention should be paid to <strong>the</strong> overall organization of production systems that use labor ininnovative ways. These practices could include such approaches as institutionalized perks <strong>and</strong> bonuses,incentives, joint ventures, spin-off businesses owned by workers, ESOPs (employee stock optionprograms), <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>rs. While most shrimp farmers do not start <strong>the</strong>ir businesses in order to createinnovative systems for using labor, many of <strong>the</strong>m have in fact done just that. These experiences shouldbe documented so that <strong>the</strong>y can be shared with o<strong>the</strong>rs.Case studiesCase studies focusing on <strong>the</strong> above aspects of <strong>the</strong> industry should be undertaken to illustrate <strong>the</strong> issues<strong>and</strong> opportunities. Since this report was drafted, many such research studies have started, <strong>and</strong> some of<strong>the</strong>m have been written up; <strong>the</strong>y are listed in Annex 4. The case studies are intended to review <strong>and</strong>evaluate cases of both success <strong>and</strong> failure in shrimp farming <strong>and</strong> identify contributing factors. It isproposed that <strong>the</strong> study teams include <strong>and</strong> be supported by local experts in each country.The field studies should focus on <strong>the</strong> social impact of shrimp farming in countries where extremeresults have been observed, such as Bangladesh, India, Honduras, Thail<strong>and</strong>, Ecuador, <strong>and</strong> Madagascar.In <strong>the</strong>se countries, special focus should be placed on social issues, regulations <strong>and</strong> corruption,government plans, environmental concerns, <strong>and</strong> implications for World Bank support.The following nations should be studied, with research including <strong>the</strong> specified issues:• Thail<strong>and</strong>: government initiatives to alleviate negative environmental impacts, includinglegislation, regulatory <strong>and</strong> enforcement instruments, tax incentives, employment effects;• India: social impact of shrimp farming, violence, displacement, net employment effects;• Bangladesh: social impact of shrimp farming, <strong>the</strong> role of women, violence, displacement, netemployment effects, rural income;• Honduras: social impact of shrimp farming, how conflicts led to a moratorium on newprojects <strong>and</strong> zoning restrictions in o<strong>the</strong>rs, net employment impacts, conflicts with o<strong>the</strong>rresource users;• Norway: legislation, regulatory, <strong>and</strong> enforcement instruments; experiences <strong>and</strong> lessonslearned from implementing this legislation; employment effects;• Ecuador: social issues, regulations <strong>and</strong> corruption, government plans, environmentalconcerns; <strong>and</strong>• Madagascar: social issues, regulations <strong>and</strong> corruption, government plans, <strong>and</strong> environmentalconcerns.Expert consultations on shrimp farming <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> environmentThe present study suggests that a series of consultations <strong>and</strong> workshops be undertaken to help promote<strong>the</strong> issues <strong>and</strong> agendas identified here. These consultations would explore fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> impact of shrimpaquaculture on <strong>the</strong> environment, in a more targeted way. The focus of such meetings could include, butnot necessarily be limited to, identifying indicators, legislation <strong>and</strong> regulatory frameworks, disease,introduced species, mangroves <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r fragile coastal wetl<strong>and</strong>s, BMPs (better managementpractices), <strong>and</strong> social <strong>and</strong> equity issues. O<strong>the</strong>r meetings <strong>and</strong> workshops could be undertaken with75
producers <strong>and</strong> producer groups that would help disseminate <strong>the</strong> more specific operational findings of<strong>the</strong> case studies.Pilot projects in sustainable shrimp culture developmentAs noted repeatedly in this document, <strong>the</strong> key to sustainable shrimp farming is effective <strong>and</strong> informedplanning, coupled with powerful incentives or constraints to site, design, construct, <strong>and</strong> operate farmsin particular ways. One increasingly discussed incentive is environmental quality certification linked tolabeling initiatives—associated, it is hoped, with a market premium. One case study should explore <strong>the</strong>implications of certification for shrimp aquaculture. A related study could explore <strong>the</strong> use of BMPbasedscreens for investors <strong>and</strong> institutional purchasers, as a way to send signals to producers from bo<strong>the</strong>nds of <strong>the</strong> market.It might be interesting to test <strong>the</strong> feasibility of linking a retail labeling scheme to one or more groups ofsmall-scale shrimp producers in a developing country who are all operating within some planningframework, set of best practices, or agreed-upon code of practices. If this practice worked, it might <strong>the</strong>nbe extended to o<strong>the</strong>r groups.76
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sensitivity analysis should include
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ABBREVIATIONSMTkgmcmhaozPUDFOBCIFC&
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ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORTIn Chapte
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same time, development is necessary
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Current shrimp farming practice inc
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Current status of the industryToday
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In recent years, several major crop
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CHAPTER 2: SHRIMP FARMING SYSTEMSSh
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FeedsHatcheries use a combination o
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FIGURE 8. CONTINUUM OF DIFFERENT SH
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TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF INPUTS FOR T
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Shrimp farming systems vary greatly
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creeks, and sea-grass beds, fulfill
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arrangement in Thailand, for exampl
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- Page 38 and 39: shrimp or high-value finfish produc
- Page 40 and 41: In more immediately practical terms
- Page 42 and 43: Disease prevention and managementDi
- Page 44 and 45: (Raa 1996) indicates that it is pos
- Page 46 and 47: suitable for human consumption or f
- Page 48 and 49: • Supply and effluent canals shou
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- Page 52 and 53: opportunities would need to be iden
- Page 54 and 55: 26 workdays per hectare, and an ext
- Page 56 and 57: One of the key elements for success
- Page 58 and 59: Minimizing negative social repercus
- Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 5: FINANCIAL RISKS ASSOCIAT
- Page 62 and 63: Credit riskAccess to credit at fair
- Page 64 and 65: Natural factorsShrimp diseaseThe ou
- Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 6: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
- Page 68 and 69: Planning and resource managementIna
- Page 70 and 71: Such initiatives have been or are b
- Page 72 and 73: Conclusions and recommendationsReco
- Page 74 and 75: equired to promote sustainability a
- Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 7: PROJECT PLANNING AND ASS
- Page 78 and 79: • Appraisal and supervision missi
- Page 80 and 81: The structure of the executive summ
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- Page 84 and 85: • Requirements and guidance for f
- Page 88 and 89: ANNEX 1: A BLUEPRINT FOR FEASIBILIT
- Page 90 and 91: • Sensitivity calculations and an
- Page 92 and 93: Table A4: World shrimp farming prod
- Page 94 and 95: ANNEX 4: CASE STUDIES UNDERTAKEN BY
- Page 96 and 97: ColombiaThe Adoption of Good Manage
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- Page 100 and 101: LocationAppendix A--Meetings Held o
- Page 102 and 103: LocationAppendix A--Meetings Held o
- Page 104 and 105: BIBLIOGRAPHYAdger, W.N. 1998. Susta
- Page 106 and 107: Claridge, G. 1996. Legal approaches
- Page 108 and 109: Hambrey, J.B., M. Phillips, K. Chow
- Page 110 and 111: Phillips, M.J., & D.J. Macintosh. 1
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