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$WI LD R LATI\IES CROP PLANTS IN INDIA$

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174 Shashi BlzallaJassids : Commonly called ~~~LhgpE~X~' They suck the juices fromveins and veinlets mainly from th,e undersurfaces "Of leaves whichbecome brown, tum upwards and dry out in cases of severeinfestatio;t:-thls feeding causes c;hlQro.ti~.lines parallel to the veinsand plants become ~u.JJ.ted..Scales : ~(}YE:!r the tender k_a;yes and shoots and $ck th~ _sap. Sootymould development is commonly noticed, e.g., G:re,en scale Coccus1!iridis on coffee.Pest darnage is probably most conveniently consideredaccording to the part of the plant body attacked as damaged leaves,f1OW~,rs and..buds, {nuts, stems, r.Qots, tubers and s.eed~.Foliage feedersThe insects feed on the plant tissues from outside. This groupincludes grasshoppers, beetles, weevils, their' grubs and manycaterpillars, e.g., armyworms, hairy caterpillars, cutworms etc.The leaves ~ay be eaten to different extents thus causing reductionin the assimilative area of the leaf.The leaves could be eaten from edges (i) with regular notches(Curculionidae), (ii) with semicircular pieces of lamina missing(adults of leaf cutting ants) and (iii) with irregularly eaten out areas(grasshoppers, locust). The leaf lamina is damaged to differentextents ranging from windowed lamina (Diamond back moth),holed lamina (adult flea beetles, Chrysomellidae) to skeletonizedlamina (Epilachna, citrus flea beetles etc.). The rice hispa,DichZadispa armigera scrapes the upper surface of leaf blade andleaves intact the lower epidermis. Leaf curled under or generallydistorted, sometimes completely distorted into a bunchy lump oftissue is the characteristic damage by the sucking pests. Adults andnymphs of some thrips make tiny epidermal feeding lesions whichgive the lamina a silvery, bronzed or scarified appearance. Leavesare also damaged by the galls either on upper or lower surface,sometimes arranged randomly, distributed peripherally or alongthe side veins. These are made by the feeding larvae of gall midges,gall wasps and some psyllids.Leaf webbersMany ~Sl ~tles and ~es form webs on 1~.They roll up the leaves by binding the edges with strands of silk
Symptoms of Insect Damage in Crops 175and leaf lamina is eaten within the protective rolt e.g., Bananaskipper (Erionota spp.) and cotton leaf roller, Sylepta derogata. Theyalso bind together the leaves to make nest- like structures as Redant, Oecophylla smaragdina. Some caterpillars (Pyralidae,Lasiocampidae etc.) web the leaves and shoots with silk and makea tent or web in which they live and eat the leaves. Often the webtraps a large number of faecal pellets.Leaf and stem-minersTiny larvae of many Qg.fi!ties and lUQtQS live in between thetwo epidermal layers of leaves and tS;!1g~r_ green st~m and feed onthe food material inside, they are referred to as ~:r.s. Minersare polyphagous ins.~cts. Sometimes they are serious pests andinhibit plant growth by interferring with the photosyntheticactivity of the plant. The mines may be either ~~1 mines or121Qtches or sometimes starting as a tunnel and ending as a blotchmine. In serious cases, the attacked leaves wither away altogether.The'se mines also serve as poUlts where ~.ase and c!~say maystart. C_ea l~af miner is a very serious pest and inhibits plantgrowth. The
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This publication has been brought o
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Page14. Genebank Management System
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CONTRIBUTORS(Number in parentheses
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IIConservation of Plant Genetic Res
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Conservation of Plant Genetic Resou
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Centres of Origin and Diversity of
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Need For Exchange of Plant Genetic
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Need For Exchange of Plant Genetic
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Principles of Plant Introduction an
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Principles of Plant Introduction an
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Principles and Concepts of Plant Qu
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Plant Quarnatine Regulations and th
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Medium and Long-term Storage of See
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IIPromising Introductions and Prior
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Promising Introductions and Priorti
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Promising Introductions and Priorti
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Use of Tissue Culture Techniques in
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LIse of Tissue Culture Techniques i
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Promising Introductions in Horticul
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Promising Introductions and Priorit
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Priorities for Promising Introducti
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Priorities for Promising Plant Intr
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Promising introductions and Priorit
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IIGenebank Management System (GMS)
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Genebank Management System (GMS) so
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IINew Policy on Seed Development an
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New Policy on Seed Development and
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Page 177 and 178: IISymptoms of Insect Damage in Crop
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Page 215 and 216: Detection Techniques for Plant Para
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Page 223 and 224: Treatment Schedules for Eradication
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Treatment Schedules for Eradication
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Treatment Schedules jar Eradication
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Plant Genetic Resources activities
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IIIntellectual Property Rights: Pro
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Intellectual J:roperty Rights,' Pro
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Intellectual Property Rights : Prot
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Intellectual Property Rights : Prot
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The Indian National Gene Bank 243sp
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The Indian National Gene Bank 245In
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The Indian National Gene Bank' 247c
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF TRAINING CO
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BP Singh

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