BP Singh

68 S.R. Blzatscope of genetic resources. Thanks to these techniques, geneticmaterial from any organism can now be a potential source for cropimprovement.Germplasm introductions in most countries are regulatedand controlled by government agencies. These regulations aremeant to facilitate safe introduction of germplasm and to avoid/minimise the risks of introduction of unwanted material, weeds,. pests, pathogens etc. Genetic engineering and patenting of genes/crops have, of late, led to conflict about ownership of plant geneticresources. The transfer of genetic resources in future is expectedto be more stringently controlled and proper documentation ofgermplasm exchange/movement will be crucial in settlingownership disputes.Exchange of germplasm involves the following steps:1. Placing an indent with proper documents2. Preparation of material3. Examination and issue of phytosanitary certificate4. Packing and transport5. Receipt of the material and quarantine examination6. Establishment and multiplication7. Release to the indentorGermplasm exchange is needed for research use, cropimprovement and/or for commercial planting. It may be in theform of DNA/RNA, celt tissue, organ or complete plantlets.Depending on the crop and the nature of the materiat supply maytake anytime between three months to three years.Seeds are the main forms of germplasm exchange. Cropspecies with orthodox seed generally pose no problem. In contrastexchange of vegetative propagules (suckers, bulbs, tubers, cuttingsetc.) and recalcitrant seeds require great care and is fraught withserious risks. Tissue culture techniques can help in efficientexchange of germplasm in various ways. These techniques whenproperly employed cart. reduce quarantine risks, save time,facilitate transport and handling, and improve establishment andutilization of the germplasm. Already germplasm of importantcrops such as banana, potato, sweet potato, yam, strawberry,