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200 Manju Lata Kapurnormal storage. The treatments have been successfully usedagainst insects ill fruits, vegetables, cut frowers and also in storedgrain, e.g., inN2~ 02 atmospheres, O 2levels below 1.2% for 1 weekat 350C and above, and for 24 weeks at 15°C give complete controlof stored grain insects. (Banks and Anis, 1977). In CO 2atmospheres, 60% CO 2gives 95% kill of most of stored grain pestsafter 4 days exposure at 27°C Gay, 1971) whereas, initial 70% CO , 2subsequently maintained at 35% for 10 days at 20°C also gavecomplete kill (Banks, 1979).Combination treatmentsCombination or multiple treatments have been found moreeffective in the sense that the use of cold, hot or controlledatmosphere treatments in conjunction with each other or fumigation,gives an advantage of lower effective dose, milder temperatureextremes or shorter exposure periods which alone would not beeffective or result in unacceptable injury to the commodity. Forexample unrooted cuttings of chrysanthemum stored at 0-2"C for4 days followed by fUnUgation with MB @ CTP 54 for 4 h at 15°Cagainst Spodop,tera littorallis (Powell, 1979).With the present knowledge of the treatments/salvaging. techniques to get rid of plant pests, healthy genetic units can besalvaged/ developed for safe exchange of virtually any germplasm.Hence Plant Quarantine can be projected with pride as a filter andnot a barrier against global exchange of plant genetic resources.ReferencesAnonymous (1985). Plant Quarantine Treatment Manual, USDA.Armstrong, J.W. (1989). Development of hot water immersionquarantine treatment for Hawaiian grown 'Brazilian bananas./. Econ. Ent. 75 : 787. .Baker, A. C. (1939). The basis for treatm~nt procedure wherefruit-flies are involved as a condition of entry into the U.S.Circ. 551, USDA.Banks, H. J. and Anis, P.c. (1977). Suggested procedures forcontrolled atmosphere storage of dry grain. Canberra,CSIRO Tech. Paper 13 : 23 p.
Plant Quarnatine Treatments for Salvaging Germplasm Infested with Insects and Mites 201Banks, H.J. (1979). Recent advances in the use of modifiedatmospheres for stored product pest control. Proc. II Jnt.Working Can! Stored Prod. Entomol. Ibadan Nigeria, 1978 :198.Benschoter, C. A. (1963). Evaluation of EDB as a fumigant forcitrus and mangoes infested by mexican fruitfly. J. econ. Ent.g:m. .Herose, T.; Abe, I.; Kohno, M.; Suzuki, T.; Oshima, K. and Okakara,l.T. (1975). The use of microwave heating to control insectsin cigarette manufacturing. J. Microwave Power 10: 181.Jay,E. G. (1971). Suggested conditions and procedures for usingcarbon dioxide to control insects in grain storage facilities.ARS Bulletin : 51.Powell, D. F. (1979). Combining methyl bromide fumigation withcold storage to eradicate Spodoptera littoralis on chrysanthemumcuttings. Plant Pathol. 28 : 178.Seo,S.T.; Hu, B.K.S.; Komura, H.i Lee, G.Y.L. and Harris, E.J. (1974).Dacus dorsalis, vapour heat treatment in papayas. J. Econ. Ent.67 : 240.Verma, B.R. (1991). Vacuum fumigation schedule for seedinhabiting chalcidoids. J. Entomol. Res. 15: 229.Wadhi, S.R.; Verma, B.R.; Thomas, Soares and Rattan Lal (1967).Detection of phytophagus chalcidoids in seeds for quarantinepurposes. Indian J. Ent. 29 : 197.
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Page14. Genebank Management System
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CONTRIBUTORS(Number in parentheses
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IIConservation of Plant Genetic Res
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Conservation of Plant Genetic Resou
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Centres of Origin and Diversity of
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Need For Exchange of Plant Genetic
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Need For Exchange of Plant Genetic
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Principles of Plant Introduction an
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Principles of Plant Introduction an
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Principles and Concepts of Plant Qu
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Plant Quarnatine Regulations and th
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Medium and Long-term Storage of See
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IIPromising Introductions and Prior
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Promising Introductions and Priorti
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Promising Introductions and Priorti
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Use of Tissue Culture Techniques in
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LIse of Tissue Culture Techniques i
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Promising Introductions in Horticul
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Promising Introductions and Priorit
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Priorities for Promising Introducti
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Promising introductions and Priorit
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IIGenebank Management System (GMS)
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Genebank Management System (GMS) so
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IINew Policy on Seed Development an
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New Policy on Seed Development and
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New Policy on $eed Development and
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IISymptoms of Fungal and Bacterial
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Symptoms of Fungal and Bacterial Di
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-Detection Procedures for Fungal Pl
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Detection Procedures for Fungal Pla
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Detection Procedures for Fungal Pla
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Page 235 and 236: Plant Genetic Resources activities
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BP Singh

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