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152 Socially Intelligent AgentsWhich emotional response becomes active depends largely on the perceptualreleasers, but also on the internal state of the robot. The behavioral strategymay involve a social cue to the caregiver (through facial expression and bodyposture) or a motor skill (such as the escape response). We have found thatpeople readily read and respond to these expressive cues. The robot’s use offacial displays to define a personal space is a good example of how social cues,that are a product of emotive responses, can be used to regulate the proximityof the human to the robot to benefit the robot’s visual processing [3].Table 18.1. Summary of the antecedents and behavioral responses that comprise Kismet’semotive responses. The antecedents refer to the eliciting perceptual conditions for each emotionprocess. The behavior column denotes the observable response that becomes active with the“emotion.” For some, this is simply a facial expression. For others, it is a behavior such asescape. The column to the right describes the function each emotive response serves Kismet.Antecedent Conditions Emotion Behavior FunctionDelay, difficulty anger, complain show displeasure toin achieving goal frustration caregiver to modifyof adaptive behaviorhis/her behaviorPresence of an disgust withdraw signal rejectionundesired stimulusof presented stimulusto caregiverPresence of fear, escape Move away froma threatening, distress a potentiallyoverwhelming stimulusdangerous stimuliProlonged presence calm engage Continuedof a desiredinteraction withstimulusa desired stimulusSuccess in achieving joy display Reallocate resourcesgoal of active behavior, pleasure to the next relevantor praisebehavior (or reinforce behavior)Prolonged absence of sorrow display Evoke sympathy anda desired stimulus, sorrow attention from caregiveror prohibition(or discourage behavior)A sudden, surprise startle alertclose stimulusresponseAppearance of a interest orient attend to new,desired stimulussalient objectNeed of an absent boredom seek Explore environmentand desired stimulusfor desired stimulusEstablishment of Appropriate Social Expectations. It will be quite awhile before we are able to build autonomous humanoids that rival the socialcompetence of human adults. For this reason, Kismet is designed to have aninfant-like appearance of a fanciful robotic creature. Note that the human is a