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156 Socially Intelligent Agentsthe robot. Instead, we want to engineer for the human side of the equation—todesign Kismet in such a way to support what comes naturally to people, sothat they will intuitively communicate with and teach the robot. Towards this,we have learned that both artistic and scientific insights play an important rolein designing sociable robots that follow the infant-caregiver metaphor. Thedesign encourages people to intuitively engage in appropriate interactions withthe robot, from which we can explore socially situated learning scenarios.AcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges the creativity and ingenuity of the members of the HumanoidRobotics Group at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. This work was funded by NTTand Darpa contract DABT 63–99–1–0012.References[1] C. Breazeal and B. Scassellati. A Context-Dependent Attention System for a SocialRobot. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence(IJCAI99), pages 1146–1151, Stockholm, Sweden, 1999.[2] C. Breazeal and L. Aryananda. Recognition of Affective Communicative Intent in Robot-Directed Speech. In Proceedings of the First IEEE-RAS International Conference onHumanoid Robots (Humanoids2000), Cambridge, MA, 2000.[3] C. Breazeal. Designing Sociable Robots. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.[4] M. Bullowa, editor. Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1979.[5] J. Cahn. Generating Expression in Synthesized Speech. S.M. thesis, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 1990.[6] J. Cole. About Face. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998.[7] K. Dautenhahn. The Art of Designing Socially Intelligent Agents: Science, Fiction, andthe Human in the Loop. in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 12(7–8): 573–617, 1998.[8] I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt. Similarities and differences between cultures in expressive movements.In R. Hinde, editor, Nonverbal Communication, pages 297–311. Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, UK, 1972.[9] A. Fernald. Intonation and communicative intent in mother’s speech to infants: Is themelody the message? Child Development, 60: 1497–1510, 1989.[10] I. Murray and L. Arnott. Toward the simulation of emotion in synthetic speech: A reviewof the literature on human vocal emotion. Journal Acoustical Society of America, 93(2):1097–1108, 1993.[11] F. Parke and K. Waters. Computer Facial Animation. A. K. Peters, Wellesley, MA, 1996.[12] C. Smith and H. Scott. A Componential Approach to the Meaning of Facial Expressions.In J. Russell and J.M. Fernández-Dols, editors, The Psychology of Facial Expression,pages 229–254. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997.[13] F. Thomas and O. Johnston. Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press,New York, 1981.