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ECA’s In E-Commerce Applications 2712.3.2 Embodied Conversational Agents. A series of repeated measures2 x 2 x 3 ANOVAs taking agent gender, agent type and application asthe within-subject independent variables were conducted to analyse participants’attitudes to the questionnaire items relating to the embodied agents asassistants. The questionnaire addressed key issues relating to the agents’ personality,trustworthiness and appearance.All the agents were perceived as being equally friendly and competent. Inaddition all four agents were perceived as being sociable, cheerful, and agreeable.Participants were asked if the assistants were trustworthy. Although justapproaching significance (F =2.97,df =2.0,p
272 Socially Intelligent Agentslenging problem within the area of ECA research. With technological improvementsthis issue may be resolved, improving user confidence with respect tothe security, confidentiality and reliability of such systems.Two thirds of the participants (24/36) thought the assistants enhanced theservices and they enjoyed speaking to them. One participant said: “I enjoyedtalking to the assistants, I was even polite to them”. Participants felt the assistantsshould be polite and cheerful, demonstrating competence during theinteraction. To do this it was suggested that they should smile and provideappropriate verbal and non-verbal feedback.3. DiscussionIt was hypothesised that participants would respond positively to the embodiedagents. The results support this prediction suggesting that 3D ECA’s havea role to play as assistants in VRML e-commerce applications. The resultssupported also a further claim that casually dressed agents are more suitablein virtual cinemas, and formally dressed agents are more suitable in virtualbanking applications. It is important to know that ECA’s would be welcomedin e-commerce domains especially given the number of commercial websitesthat are exploring the use ECA’s as marketing tools (e.g. Extempo Inc, VirtualFriends).Participants felt the cinema was more entertaining than the travel agencyand banking application. Although ECA’s were welcomed in all three retailapplications, results suggest it is important to consider carefully the nature ofthe application task and be aware that ECA’s might be more effective in lessserious applications, where the consequences of failure are less serious. Nevertheless,the responses to the use of ECA’s in these more serious applicationsmay be improved if users’ confidence in the system can be increased and thetrustworthiness of the agent can be firmly established. Suggested methods toachieve this included better and faster response times from the agents, havingthe opportunity to enter data using the keyboard and also seeing additionaltextual feedback on the interface.All four agents were perceived to be polite, friendly, competent, cheerful,sociable and agreeable; all traits important for assistants in retail and e-commerce spaces. The trustworthiness of the agents was the only aspect wheredifferences between the applications emerged. The qualitative results showedthat participants were less likely to trust agents to complete tasks correctly inthe banking application. During the interviews, participants stated that theywould be more likely to use the applications if the ECA was more convincingthat the inputted information was being processed correctly.
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SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTSCreating
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SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGENTSCreating
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ContentsContributing Authors1Social
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Contents21Experiences with Sparky,
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Contributing AuthorsAude BillardCom
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Contributing AuthorsxiPeyman Farati
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Contributing AuthorsxiiiBernard Ogd
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Contributing AuthorsxvNell TenhaafD
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2 Socially Intelligent AgentsFigure
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4 Socially Intelligent AgentsFigure
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6 Socially Intelligent Agentsthe ag
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8 Socially Intelligent AgentsThis r
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10 Socially Intelligent Agentstrack
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12 Socially Intelligent Agentsintel
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14 Socially Intelligent Agentsof a
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16 Socially Intelligent AgentsIn ch
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18 Socially Intelligent AgentsFigur
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20 Socially Intelligent Agents[8] P
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22 Socially Intelligent Agentscontr
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Understanding Social Intelligence 2
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Understanding Social Intelligence 2
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Chapter 3MODELING SOCIAL RELATIONSH
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Modeling Social Relationship 31soci
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Modeling Social Relationship 33Figu
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Modeling Social Relationship 35seco
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Chapter 4DEVELOPING AGENTS WHO CANR
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Developing Agents Who Can Relate to
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Chapter 5PARTY HOSTS AND TOUR GUIDE
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Party Hosts and Tour Guides 47conve
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Party Hosts and Tour Guides 492.2 E
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Party Hosts and Tour Guides 514. Co
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Chapter 6INCREASING SIA ARCHITECTUR
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Adapting to Affect and Personality
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Chapter 7COOPERATIVE INTERFACE AGEN
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Cooperative Interface Agents 63cult
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Cooperative Interface Agents 65will
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Cooperative Interface Agents 67make
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Chapter 8PLAYING THE EMOTION GAME W
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Playing the Emotion Game with Feeli
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Chapter 9CREATING EMOTION RECOGNITI
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Emotion Recognition Agents for Spee
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Chapter 10SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR C
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Social Intelligence for Computers 8
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Chapter 11EGOCHAT AGENTA Talking Vi
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EgoChat Agent 95that members in a g
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EgoChat Agent 97virtualized-ego(A)v
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EgoChat Agent 99apply EgoChat to a
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Chapter 12ELECTRIC ELVESAdjustable
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Electric Elves 103user in the agent
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Electric Elves 105The delay MDP rea
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Electric Elves 107intervening, lead
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Chapter 13BUILDING EMPIRICALLY PLAU
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Building Empirically Plausible MAS
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Chapter 14ROBOTIC PLAYMATESAnalysin
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Analysing Interactive Competencies
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Chapter 15MOBILE ROBOTIC TOYS AND A
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Mobile Robotic Toys and Autism 127m
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Mobile Robotic Toys and Autism 129F
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Mobile Robotic Toys and Autism 131p
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Chapter 16AFFECTIVE SOCIAL QUESTEmo
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Affective Social Quest 135Figure 16
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Affective Social Quest 137tion is t
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Affective Social Quest 139parents w
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Chapter 17PEDAGOGICAL SOAPSocially
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Pedagogical Soap 1432. IPD Backgrou
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Pedagogical Soap 145EmotionalApprai
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Pedagogical Soap 147trol their chil
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Chapter 18DESIGNING SOCIABLE MACHIN
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Designing Sociable Machines 151Sens
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Designing Sociable Machines 153crit
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Designing Sociable Machines 155qual
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Chapter 19INFANOIDA Babybot that Ex
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Infanoid 159— are arranged in a 4
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Infanoid 161subset of the environme
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Infanoid 163To explain the origin o
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Chapter 20PLAY, DREAMS AND IMITATIO
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Play, Dreams and Imitation in Robot
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Chapter 21EXPERIENCES WITH SPARKY,
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Experiences with Sparky, a Social R
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Chapter 22SOCIALLY SITUATED PLANNIN
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Socially Situated Planning 183will
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Socially Situated Planning 185chang
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Socially Situated Planning 187of pl
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Chapter 23DESIGNING FOR INTERACTION
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Designing for Interaction 191force
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Designing for Interaction 193ment b
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Designing for Interaction 195ductio
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Chapter 24ME, MY CHARACTER AND THE
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Me, My Character and the Others 199
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Chapter 25FROM PETS TO STORYROOMSCo
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From PETS to StoryRooms 2074. A Sto
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From PETS to StoryRooms 209realized
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From PETS to StoryRooms 211own Stor
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Chapter 26SOCIALLY INTELLIGENT AGEN
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Socially Intelligent Agents in Educ
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Page 238 and 239: Chapter 27TOWARDS INTEGRATING PLOT
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Page 252 and 253: Chapter 29PERCEPTIONS OF SELF IN AR
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Page 258 and 259: Perceptions of Self 241human senses
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Page 268 and 269: Chapter 31CHALLENGES IN AGENT BASED
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Page 292 and 293: Index"like-me" test 85,89“Giant3
Page 294 and 295: INDEX 277educational computer games
Page 296 and 297: INDEX 279mutual selection 243mutual
Page 298: INDEX 281theory of dramatic writing
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