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Chapter 22SOCIALLY SITUATED PLANNINGJonathan GratchUSC Institute for Creative TechnologiesAbstractThis chapter describes techniques to incorporate richer models of social behaviorinto deliberative planning agents, providing them the capability to obey organizationalconstraints and engage in self-interested and collaborative behavior inthe context of virtual training environments.1. Socially Situated PlanningVirtual environments such as training simulators and video games do an impressivejob at modelling the physical dynamics but fall short when modellingthe social dynamics of anything but the most impoverished human encounters.Yet the social dimension is at least as important as graphics for creatingan engaging game or effective training tool. Flight simulators can accuratelymodel the technical aspects of flight but many aviation disasters arise from socialbreakdowns: poor crew management, or the effects of stress and emotionon decision-making. Perhaps the biggest consumer of simulation technology,the U.S. military, identifies unrealistic human and organizational behavior as amajor limitation of existing simulation technology [5].There are many approaches to modelling social behavior. Socially-situatedplanning focuses on the problem of generating and executing plans in the contextof social constraints. It draws inspiration from the shared-plans work ofGrosz and Kraus [3], relaxes the assumption that agents are cooperative andbuilds on more conventional artificial intelligence planning techniques. Socialreasoning is modelled as an additional layer of reasoning atop a general purposeplanning. The planner handles task-level behaviors whereas the sociallayer manages communication and biases plan generation and execution in ac-