Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations - Historic Naval Ships ...

Chapter XVc. Execution. The amphibious withdrawalwill be executed in accordance with thefollowing general sequence of steps.• Establish defense of the embarkation areaby air, naval, and ground covering forceswhile organizing and embarking LFpersonnel, supplies, and equipment notrequired for support of operations ashore.It is important to maintain local air andmaritime superiority to ensure the successof the withdrawal.• Progressively reduce troop strength andquantity of material and equipmentashore under protection of air, naval, andground covering forces. Depending onlimitations in afloat cargo capacity andloading time, all usable military materialis either evacuated or destroyed. Duringthis phase, specific provisions are madefor the evacuation of casualties.• Withdraw the ground covering force.Consideration must be given to difficultyof embarking heavy elements such asartillery and armor.d. Supporting Arms. As in the amphibiousassault, defense of an embarkation area on ahostile or potentially hostile shore requiresclosely coordinated employment of allavailable supporting arms. Procedures used inthe coordination are essentially the same in bothcases. The primary difference is that in the assault,supporting arms and control facilities areprogressively built up ashore, whereas in awithdrawal, supporting arms and control facilitiesare progressively decreased ashore until allfunctions are performed afloat.e. Embarkation Procedures• If embarkation is preparatory toimmediate reemployment of the force,planning for embarkation of forces isconducted in accordance with normalplanning procedures, as set forth inXV-6Chapter X, “Embarkation,” and JP3-02.2, Joint Doctrine for AmphibiousEmbarkation. Combat loading will beemployed in preparation for a subsequentamphibious operation. Embarkation formovement to base areas will normallyemploy administrative loading.• Initial size of the embarkation areadepends on several factors, such as:•• Terrain essential for defense in theevent that the embarkation is conductedunder enemy pressure;•• Number of personnel and amount ofequipment and supplies to be embarked;•• Artillery, NSFS, and air supportavailable for defense;•• Nature and extent of usable beaches; and•• Time available for the embarkation.10. Amphibious Demonstrationsa. Scope. The amphibious demonstrationis intended to confuse the enemy as to time,place, or strength of the main operation.Amphibious demonstrations may beconducted in conjunction with otherdeception operations in order to delude orconfuse the enemy. In the operational area,an amphibious demonstration may beconducted in or near the landing area inconjunction with an amphibious assault. Instill other cases, a demonstration may beconducted outside the operational area byforces not attached to the main amphibiouseffort to divert or immobilize enemy strategicreserve forces that could threaten theamphibious assault. Likewise, thedemonstration could be used to divert enemyattention from other operations.b. General. Effectiveness of ademonstration increases in direct proportionJP 3-02