Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations - Historic Naval Ships ...

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Actionsame time as the main operation if it isdesired to prevent redeployment ofenemy forces and delude the enemy asto the location of the main operation.•• Subsequent to Main Operation. Ademonstration may be conductedsubsequent to the main operation if thedesired effect is to divert enemy forcesor fire from the point of the main effort.Successive demonstrations may beexecuted at a number of points after themain operation commences.• Forces. The demonstration force mustappear to be of such composition and sizeas to cause the desired reaction. Whenthe demonstration force is constitutedfrom within the amphibious force, the LFreserve and the shipping in which it isembarked may be employed if thepresence of the reserve is not required inthe immediate area of the main landing.• Supporting Arms. The demonstrationforce will execute supporting fires of anature and scope that ensures credibility.Factors that may serve to limit the amountof supporting fires are the availability ofNSFS ships, aircraft, and ammunitionsupply.• Rehearsals. Sufficient rehearsals will beheld to ensure that the demonstration willbe realistic.g. Action. The demonstration must occurover a long enough period to allow the enemyto react. The movement of waves toward thebeach or LZs must be conducted as a normalship-to-shore movement, except that boatwaves normally do not actually beach andVTOL aircraft waves do not land. Emptylanding craft must maintain sufficient distancefrom the beach to preclude close enemyobservation. At a prearranged time or distancefrom the beach or VLZ, or on signal, the boatwaves and VTOL aircraft waves withdraw.On completion of the demonstration, thedemonstration force is dissolved and itselements are reassigned in accordance withthe operation order or plan.11. Amphibious Raidsa. Scope. An amphibious raid is anoperation involving a swift incursion intoor the temporary occupation of anobjective to accomplish an assigned missionfollowed by a planned withdrawal.Amphibious raids are conducted asindependent operations or in support of otheroperations, such as another amphibiouslanding or land, air, or naval operation.Depending on the purpose of the raid, it maybe conducted using covert insertion means,relying on stealth to approach the objective,or overtly with full fire support in a mannerthat may resemble the early stages of anamphibious assault. Generally, amphibiousraids are conducted to:• Destroy certain targets, particularly thosethat do not lend themselves to destructionby other means;• Harass the enemy by attacks on isolatedposts, patrols, or headquarters;• Capture or neutralize key personnel;• Support forces engaged with the enemyby attacking the enemy rear or flankpositions on a seacoast;• Obtain information on hydrography,terrain, enemy dispositions, strength,movements, and weapons;• Create a diversion in connection withstrategic deception operations;• Evacuate individuals or materiel; and• Establish, support, or coordinateunconventional warfare activities.XV-9
Chapter XVb. General. Rehearsals are more importantin preparation for amphibious raids than forother types of amphibious operations.Thorough, integrated rehearsals are essentialto precision and speed in executing a raid. Allparticipating forces must be drilled in everydetail of debarkation, movement ashore,operations ashore, withdrawal, and reembarkation.c. Planning Considerations. Anamphibious raid is planned and executed inthe same general manner as an amphibiousassault, except that a raid always includes aprovision for withdrawal of the raiding force.The following factors must be consideredwhen planning an amphibious raid.• The size of the raid force is normallylimited to the essential number ofpersonnel required to accomplish themission. This is done in order to increasethe chance of maintaining security andachieving surprise at the objective andto facilitate rapid withdrawal uponcompletion of the mission.• It may be unnecessary for selectedbeaches or LZs to meet all therequirements of an amphibious assault.In small-scale raids, beaches or LZs arechosen from the point of view of ensuringtactical surprise.• A raid will be of limited duration.• Final deployment of the raiding forcemay not be required until it reaches itsobjective ashore.• Limited objective and short duration ofthe amphibious raid will usually simplifylogistic requirements.d. Detailed Planning Considerations.The following basic considerations must beconsidered when planning a raid.XV-10• Surprise is an essential ingredient in thesuccess of an amphibious raid and offsetsthe lack of logistic and fire supportnormally associated with amphibiousoperations.• Security during the planning andexecution of a raid must receive particularattention, to include full exploitation ofdeceptive measures. Such deceptivemeasures may take the form of elaboratecover plans or may be confined to simpleruses.• The following factors will influence thechoice of landing areas for the raid force.•• Enemy disposition.•• Sea approaches.•• Hydrographic and beachcharacteristics.•• Availability of LZs.•• Avenues of approach to the objectiveand beach exits.• The estimated time that the raiding forcewill have to be ashore may influence thechoice of H-hour and, consequently, theconditions of visibility under which theraiding force may be landed andwithdrawn. It will likewise affect thescope of logistic arrangements.• Purpose of the raid, including its relationto other concurrent or imminentoperations that it may support, willinfluence the selection of D-day for theraid. In addition, these same factors mayaffect the availability of shipping,aircraft, and logistic and fire supportmeans for the raid.• Planning for the embarkation of forcesassigned to participate in an amphibiousJP 3-02
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Joint Publication 3-02Joint Doctrin
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PrefaceIntentionally BlankiiJP 3-02
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Table of Contents• Planning Direc
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Table of Contents• Intelligence E
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Table of ContentsIntentionally Blan
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Executive Summaryjoint environment.
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Executive SummaryIf organizing the
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Executive Summaryplanning aids, and
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Executive SummaryIntentionally Blan
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Chapter Iconcentrate forces and mak
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Chapter Ig. Some combat operations
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Chapter Ioperations and the vulnera
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Chapter Ib. Designation of required
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Chapter IIoperation and any develop
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Chapter II3122.01, Joint Operation
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Chapter IIdesignated in the order i
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Chapter II8. Amphibious Force TaskO
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Chapter IIupon termination of the a
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Chapter IIICOMMAND AND CONTROLOF JO
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Chapter IIIIII-4positive control me
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Chapter IIIMarine TADC or Marine TA
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Chapter IIICONCEPTUAL AMPHIBIOUS DE
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Chapter IIIIntentionally BlankIII-1
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Chapter IVcommanders to effectively
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Chapter IVidentifying strengths and
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Chapter IVthe beach, the transport
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Chapter IV6. Crosstalks and Confirm
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Chapter Vb. Detailed terrain and hy
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Chapter VV-4understanding of the en
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Chapter VIntentionally BlankV-6JP 3
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Chapter VICOMMUNICATIONS SUPPORTREQ
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Chapter VI• Acquisition and assig
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Chapter VIIntentionally BlankVI-6JP
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Chapter VIILand-based attack system
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Chapter VIICommanders determine how
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Chapter VIIb. Targeting. Targeting
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Chapter VIIVII-8to the senior joint
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Chapter VIId. Other Planning and Co
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Chapter VIIIThe CATF is normally re
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Chapter VIII• Character, size, an
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Chapter VIIILogistic planning is ac
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Page 85 and 86: Chapter VIIILANDING FORCE HEALTHSER
Page 87 and 88: Chapter VIIIBeach Group, and Marine
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Page 91 and 92: Chapter IXMinefields and obstacles
Page 93 and 94: Chapter IXIX-4nonlethal fires, from
Page 95 and 96: Chapter IXNUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND
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Page 99 and 100: Chapter Xto permit initiation of pr
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Page 105 and 106: Chapter XIIMateriel arriving from l
Page 107 and 108: Chapter XIIXII-4•• Aircraft req
Page 109 and 110: Chapter XII• Are clear of mines a
Page 111 and 112: Chapter XII• Landing Craft Air Cu
Page 113 and 114: Chapter XIIthe demonstration force
Page 115 and 116: Chapter XIIIa. Supporting maritime
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Page 119 and 120: Chapter XIVTHE INVASION OF NORMANDY
Page 121 and 122: Chapter XIVPLANNING SEQUENCELF sche
Page 123 and 124: Chapter XIVOTH operations should ac
Page 125 and 126: Chapter XIVand enemy situation allo
Page 127 and 128: Chapter XVmaneuverability. This org
Page 129 and 130: Chapter XVjustified only when such
Page 131 and 132: Chapter XVc. Execution. The amphibi
Page 133: Chapter XVAMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS DUR
Page 137 and 138: Chapter XVXV-12TYPES OF MILITARYOPE
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Page 141 and 142: Appendix A21. JP 5-0, Doctrine for
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Page 145 and 146: Appendix B5. Distributiona. Additio
Page 147 and 148: GlossaryDASCDCAD-dayDZEAEMCONEPWEWF
Page 149 and 150: GlossaryVLZVSWVTOLvertical landing
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Page 155 and 156: Glossarybefore, during, and after w
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