Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations - Historic Naval Ships ...

Amphibious Operations Against Coastal Defensescapabilities within the operational areaprior to the arrival of the amphibiousforce.•• Planning advance force operations tofurther degrade an adversary’s NBCcapabilities and to detect contaminatedareas that may interfere with the conceptof operations.•• Planning offensive and defensiveactions taken by the amphibious force tominimize the vulnerability to and mitigatethe effects of NBC attacks that may impacton the operational area, to include thedevelopment of branches and sequels.• The amphibious force’s IPB process mustaddress the capabilities and limitationsof an adversary’s NBC weapons anddelivery systems; their C2 and releaseprocedures; and indicators of intent toemploy NBC weapons. The amphibiousforce commanders should provide targetplanning and execution guidance usingthe full extent of actions allowed by theROE based on the effects needed to beachieved against the adversary’s NBCweapons, delivery means, and C2capabilities.• The principles of NBC defense must befactored into planning and specificallyaddress the hazards created by NBCweapons: avoidance of NBC hazards,particularly contamination; protection ofindividuals and units from unavoidableNBC hazards; and decontamination inorder to restore operational capability.Application of these principles (seeFigure IX-1), helps to minimizevulnerabilities, protect the amphibiousforce, and maintain the operational tempoin order to achieve the amphibious forceobjectives.• Contamination Avoidance.Contamination avoidance prevents thedisruption of the amphibious operationby eliminating unnecessary time incumbersome protective postures thathave the potential to degrade the forceand minimizing decontaminationrequirements. Avoiding contaminationrequires the ability to recognize thepresence or absence of NBC hazards inthe air, on water, land, personnel,equipment, and facilities, at both longandshort-range. Supporting and advanceforce operations should provide for longrangesurveillance and detectioncapabilities focusing on such areas as thelanding beaches, helicopter landingzones, and the amphibious forceobjectives. Preassault operations andactions taken throughout the remainderof the amphibious operation shouldprovide for short-range surveillance anddetection capabilities in support of thelanding force units operating ashore andATF ships within the sea echelon area.• NBC Protection. Specific actionsrequired of the ATF and LF before,during, and after NBC attacks should beclearly communicated and rehearsed.NBC protection conserves the force byproviding individual and collectiveprotection capabilities.•• Individual Protection. Commandersmust adopt a mission-oriented protectiveposture (MOPP) to establish flexibleforce readiness levels for individual NBCprotection. MOPP analysis (the processof determining a recommended MOPP)integrates NBC protection requirements— derived from NBC threat assessments— with mission requirements in light ofthe performance degradation caused bywearing protective equipment. The LFand ATF personnel manning flight decks,well decks, and landing craft as well asoperating ashore (such as beachmasterunits) require individual protectiveequipment and must be capable ofIX-5