Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations - Historic Naval Ships ...

Executive Summaryplanning aids, and video teleconferencing are necessary. Thesecond part of integrated planning occurs across functionalareas. The use of functional areas, such as maneuver,supporting arms and fires, intelligence, C2, logistics, and forceprotection enable amphibious force planners to integrate theplanning effort and supervise the plan. The use of functionalareas helps the planners to consider all relevant factors andminimize omissions.Fire Support During Amphibious OperationsFire support planning andcoordination inamphibious operations arecontinuous processesseeking timely andappropriate application offorce to achieve the desiredeffects within theoperational area.Fire support planning isthe continuous andconcurrent process ofanalyzing, allocating, andscheduling of fire supportto integrate it with theforces to maximize combatpower.xivFire support planning integrates and synchronizes theamphibious force organic fires with non-organic supportingfires to achieve the commander’s intent. Maneuver and firesare complementary functions. Fires in support of amphibiousoperations (amphibious fire support) is the synergistic productof three subsystems: target acquisition (TA), C2, and attackresources. TA systems and equipment perform the key tasksof target detection, location, tracking, identification, andclassification in sufficient detail to permit the effective attackof the target. C2 systems bring all information together forcollation and decision making. Vertical and horizontalcoordination is essential, requiring a hierarchy of mutuallysupporting fire support coordinators and agencies. Attacksystems include fires delivered from air, surface, land, andsubsurface attack systems. Navy, Marine Corps, Army, andAir Force aircraft may perform air-to-surface attack andelectronic warfare within the operational area. Land-basedattack systems typically include Marine Corps and Armyartillery, mortars, rockets, missiles, and electronic warfaresystems. Sea-based attack systems include Navy guns,missiles, and electronic warfare systems.Effective fire support depends on planning for the successfulperformance of the following four basic tasks.Support forces in contact. The amphibious force providesresponsive fire support that protects and ensures freedom ofmaneuver to forces in contact with the enemy throughout theoperational area.Support the concept of operations. Shaping the battlespaceand setting the conditions for decisive action are successfullyaccomplished by achieving the commander’s stated effects andattacking high-payoff targets to exploit critical vulnerabilities,the destruction or neutralization of which significantlycontributes to the success of the amphibious operation bydefeating the enemy’s COGs.JP 3-02