Joint Doctrine for Amphibious Operations - Historic Naval Ships ...

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CHAPTER IICOMMAND AND CONTROL“Amphibious warfare requires the closest practicable cooperation by all thecombatant services, both in planning and execution, and a commandorganization which definitely assigns responsibility for major decisionsthroughout all stages of the operation, embarkation, overseas movement,beach assault, and subsequent support of forces ashore.”Admiral Henry K. Hewitt, USN1. Generala. Overview. Amphibious operations arenormally part of a joint operation. Thecommand relationships established within theamphibious force are in accordance with theconcepts and principles delineated in JP 0-2,Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF).b. Multinational Operations. Commandrelationships during multinational operationsare based on international standardizationagreements or on bilateral agreementsbetween nations. The command relationshipsfor these operations will be defined in theorder initiating the amphibious operation.This allows the commander directing theamphibious operation to define therelationships in accordance with existingmilitary and political agreements. Simplicityand clarity of expression concerningcommand relationships are critical.Refer to JP 3-16, Joint Doctrine forMultinational Operations, for moreinformation.2. Organization of Joint Forcesa. General. “JFC” is a general termapplied to a combatant commander,subunified commander, or joint task force(JTF) commander authorized to exercisecombatant command (command authority) oroperational control (OPCON) over a jointforce. A JFC has the authority to organizeforces to best accomplish the assigned missionbased on the concept of operations. Theorganization should be sufficiently flexible tomeet the planned phases of the contemplatedCommand relationships in a joint amphibious operation must be clearly defined.II-1
Chapter IIoperation and any development that maynecessitate a change in plan. The JFC willestablish subordinate commands, assignresponsibilities, establish or delegateappropriate command relationships, andestablish coordinating instructions forthe component commanders. Soundorganization should provide for unity ofeffort, centralized planning, anddecentralized execution. Refer to JP 0-2,Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF), formore details on joint force organization.b. Service Components. All joint forcesinclude Service component commands thatprovide administrative and logistic support.The JFC may conduct operations through theService component commanders or, at lowerechelons, Service force commanders. Thisrelationship is appropriate when stability,continuity, economy, ease of long-rangeplanning, and scope of operations dictateorganizational integrity of Service forces forconducting operations. The JFC has fullauthority to assign missions, redirect efforts,and direct coordination among subordinatecommanders. The JFC should allow Servicetactical and operational assets and groupingsto function generally as they were designed.The intent is to meet the needs of the JFCwhile maintaining the tactical and operationalintegrity of the Service organizations.c. Functional Components. The JFC canestablish functional component commands toconduct operations. Functional componentcommands can be appropriate when forcesfrom two or more Military Departments mustoperate in the same dimension or medium orthere is a need to accomplish a distinct aspectof the assigned mission. Joint force land, air,maritime, and special operations componentcommanders are examples of functionalcomponent commanders.NOTE: Functional component commands arecomponent commands of a joint force and donot constitute a “joint force” with theII-2authorities and responsibilities of a joint forceas normally described in JP 0-2, UnifiedAction Armed Forces (UNAAF), even whencomposed of forces from two or more MilitaryDepartments. The JFC establishing afunctional component command has theauthority to designate its commander.Normally, the Service component commanderwith the preponderance of forces to be taskedwill be designated as the functionalcomponent commander; however, the JFCwill always consider the mission, nature, andduration of the operation, force capabilities,and C2 capabilities in selecting a commander.The JFC must designate the military capabilitythat will be made available for tasking by thefunctional component commander and theappropriate command relationship(s) that thefunctional component commander willexercise. Most often joint forces are organizedwith a combination of Service and functionalcomponent commands with operationalresponsibilities.d. Subordinate Joint Task Forces. A JFCmay also establish a subordinate JTF on ageographical area or functional basis whenthe mission has a specific, limited objectiveand does not require centralized control oflogistics. The mission assigned to a JTFshould require execution of responsibilitiesinvolving a joint force on a significant scaleand close integration of effort, or shouldrequire coordination within a subordinate area.A JTF is dissolved by the JFC when thepurpose for which it was created has beenachieved or when it is no longer required.3. Command and Control ofAmphibious Forcesa. Unity of Command. The JFC ensuresunity of effort in achieving amphibiousobjectives by establishing unity ofcommand over amphibious forces. The JFCmay establish unity of command overamphibious forces by retaining OPCON overthe Service or functional componentJP 3-02
Page 1 and 2: Joint Publication 3-02Joint Doctrin
Page 3 and 4: PrefaceIntentionally BlankiiJP 3-02
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents• Planning Direc
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents• Intelligence E
Page 9 and 10: Table of ContentsIntentionally Blan
Page 11 and 12: Executive Summaryjoint environment.
Page 13 and 14: Executive SummaryIf organizing the
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summaryplanning aids, and
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Page 19 and 20: Chapter Iconcentrate forces and mak
Page 21 and 22: Chapter Ig. Some combat operations
Page 23 and 24: Chapter Ioperations and the vulnera
Page 25: Chapter Ib. Designation of required
Page 29 and 30: Chapter II3122.01, Joint Operation
Page 31 and 32: Chapter IIdesignated in the order i
Page 33 and 34: Chapter II8. Amphibious Force TaskO
Page 35 and 36: Chapter IIupon termination of the a
Page 37 and 38: Chapter IIICOMMAND AND CONTROLOF JO
Page 39 and 40: Chapter IIIIII-4positive control me
Page 41 and 42: Chapter IIIMarine TADC or Marine TA
Page 43 and 44: Chapter IIICONCEPTUAL AMPHIBIOUS DE
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Page 47 and 48: Chapter IVcommanders to effectively
Page 49 and 50: Chapter IVidentifying strengths and
Page 51 and 52: Chapter IVthe beach, the transport
Page 53 and 54: Chapter IV6. Crosstalks and Confirm
Page 55 and 56: Chapter Vb. Detailed terrain and hy
Page 57 and 58: Chapter VV-4understanding of the en
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Page 61 and 62: Chapter VICOMMUNICATIONS SUPPORTREQ
Page 63 and 64: Chapter VI• Acquisition and assig
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Page 67 and 68: Chapter VIILand-based attack system
Page 69 and 70: Chapter VIICommanders determine how
Page 71 and 72: Chapter VIIb. Targeting. Targeting
Page 73 and 74: Chapter VIIVII-8to the senior joint
Page 75 and 76: Chapter VIId. Other Planning and Co
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Chapter VIIIThe CATF is normally re
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Chapter VIII• Character, size, an
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Chapter VIIILogistic planning is ac
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Chapter VIIICONTENTS OF THE HEALTHS
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Chapter VIIILANDING FORCE HEALTHSER
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Chapter VIIIBeach Group, and Marine
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Chapter VIIIb. Planning Considerati
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Chapter IXMinefields and obstacles
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Chapter IXIX-4nonlethal fires, from
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Chapter IXNUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND
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Chapter IXIntentionally BlankIX-8JP
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Chapter Xto permit initiation of pr
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Chapter XI• Replenishment, repair
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Chapter XIIntentionally BlankXI-4JP
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Chapter XIIMateriel arriving from l
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Chapter XIIXII-4•• Aircraft req
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Chapter XII• Are clear of mines a
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Chapter XII• Landing Craft Air Cu
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Chapter XIIthe demonstration force
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Chapter XIIIa. Supporting maritime
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Chapter XIIIIntentionally BlankXIII
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Chapter XIVTHE INVASION OF NORMANDY
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Chapter XIVPLANNING SEQUENCELF sche
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Chapter XIVOTH operations should ac
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Chapter XIVand enemy situation allo
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Chapter XVmaneuverability. This org
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Chapter XVjustified only when such
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Chapter XVc. Execution. The amphibi
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Chapter XVAMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS DUR
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Chapter XVb. General. Rehearsals ar
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Chapter XVXV-12TYPES OF MILITARYOPE
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Chapter XVIntentionally BlankXV-14J
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Appendix A21. JP 5-0, Doctrine for
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Appendix AIntentionally BlankA-4JP
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Appendix B5. Distributiona. Additio
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GlossaryDASCDCAD-dayDZEAEMCONEPWEWF
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GlossaryVLZVSWVTOLvertical landing
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Glossary(This term and its definiti
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Glossarymembers), resources, facili
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Glossarybefore, during, and after w
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Glossaryprotection to the task forc
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GlossaryIntentionally BlankGL-14JP
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