SOUTH ASIA - House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats

2321these services to a few core areas like electricity generation and distribution, andair and sea ports.There is a reasonable basis to believe that handmade bricks and hand-woven woolcarpets are produced with forced or indentured child labor. Illegal bonded labor iswidespread. It is common in the brick, glass, and fishing industries and is foundamong agricultural and construction workers in rural areas. A 1998 study by atrade federation reported that over 200,000 families work in debt slavery in thebrick kiln industry and there are reports that this figure has grown with the arrivalof Afghan refugees to the country. The Bonded Labor Liberation Front (BLLF) isan NGO that advocates for the rights of bonded laborers and provides a safe havenand educational and vocational training for those who have escaped their bondage.The BLLF states that it freed 820 bonded brick kiln workers (including 351 children)in 1999. There is no evidence that bonded labor is used in the production ofexport items like sporting goods and surgical equipment. However, bonded labor reportedlyis used in the production of carpets for export under the peshgi system,by which a worker is advanced money and raw materials for a carpet he promisesto complete. Many workers do not realize the extent of their exploitation. The lackof education among bonded laborers deprives them of the ability to perform the necessarycalculations to know when they have paid their debts to bondholders. Bondedlaborers who escape often face retaliation from former employers. Although policedo arrest violators of the law against bonded labor, many of these individuals bribethe police to release them. Conservative estimates put the number of bonded workersat several million. The Government disputes that peshgi workers are ‘‘bonded’’or ‘‘forced’’ laborers and argues that they are ‘‘contract laborers’’ who negotiate a salaryadvance in a free and open market.Human rights groups report that as many as 50 private jails housing some 4,500bonded laborers were maintained by landlords in rural Sindh (see Section 1.d.).The suspended Constitution and the law prohibited slavery. However, in remoteareas of rural Sindh, bonded agricultural labor and debt slavery have a long history.Landlords have kept entire families in private prisons and sold families to otherlandlords.The Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act of 1992 outlawed bonded labor, canceledall existing bonded debts, and forbade lawsuits for the recovery of existing debts.The act makes bonded labor by children punishable by up to 5 years in prison andup to $900 (PRs 50,000) in fines. However, the provincial governments, which areresponsible for enforcing the law, have failed to establish enforcement mechanisms.Furthermore the law is written in English and is frequently incomprehensible topersons it is intended to protect. Hence the law is ineffective. Lacking employmentalternatives, many workers who have been freed end up returning to bonded labor.In April General Musharraf announced that approximately $1,700,000 (PRs100,000,000) have been designated to fight bonded labor. However, these funds werenot allocated by year’s end.There are reports that children in juvenile detention facilities are required towork. Children at the Karachi Central Jail, who either are imprisoned for crimesthey have committed, were detained with their parents, or were born in jail reportedlyare involved in woodcrafts and television repairs (see Section 6.d.). Verifyingthese reports is difficult because of limited outside access to the jail.Trafficking in children is a problem (see Section 6.f.).Children sometimes are kidnaped to be used for forced labor. According to 1996ILO estimates, 3.3 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 years (about 8 percentof this population group) are ‘‘economically active.’’ Of these, about two-thirdswork in agriculture. Seventy percent of the working children have the status of ‘‘unpaidfamily helpers.’’ Many observers believe that the ILO estimates understate thetrue dimensions of the problem. Observers also believe that the incidence of bondedlabor among such children is significant, but there are no reliable figures availableon this. Some boys, usually between the ages of 6 and 9, are taken to countries inthe Persian Gulf to serve as camel jockeys (see Section 6.f.).d. Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment.—Childlabor is common and results from a combination of severe poverty, employer greed,and inadequate enforcement of laws intended to control it. The suspended Constitutionprohibited the employment of children aged 14 years and under in factories,mines, and other hazardous occupations. The Employment of Children Act of 1991,whose provisions were extended by the President in 1998 to the FATA, prohibits theemployment of children under age 14 in certain occupations and regulates their conditionsof work. Under this law, no child is allowed to work overtime or at night.Penalties for the violation of the act include fines of up to $335 (PRs 20,000) or 1year in prison. The Government acknowledges that child labor is a problem. TheVerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:46 Sep 20, 2001 Jkt 071555 PO 00000 Frm 00165 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 F:\WORK\COUNTRYR\S71555\71555.036 HINTREL1 PsN: HINTREL1