SOUTH ASIA - House Foreign Affairs Committee Democrats

2325administration in Multan approached the Pakistan Ambassador to the UAE for thereturn of two children reportedly sold to a UAE citizen for approximately $400 (PRs20,000) each, and the federal investigation agency filed charges against four residentsof Multan who were involved in the deal. To date, there has been no reporton the return of the boys. Within the country, children sometimes are kidnaped tobe used as forced labor, for ransom, or to seek revenge against an enemy (see Sections6.c. and 6.d.). In rural areas, it is a traditional practice for poor parents togive children to rich landlords in exchange for money or land, according to humanrights advocates. These children frequently are abused by these landlords and heldas bonded laborers for life.SRI LANKASri Lanka is a longstanding democratic republic with an active multiparty system.Constitutional power is shared between the popularly elected President and the 225-member Parliament. Chandrika Kumaratunga, head of the governing People’s Alliance(PA) coalition, won reelection in 1999 for a second 6-year presidential term ina process marked by voting irregularities and at least six election-related deaths.Violence and fraud marked the October parliamentary elections as well; at leastseven persons were killed in campaign-related violence in the period prior to the Octoberelection, which resulted in a reduced majority for the PA for the next 6-yearperiod. The Government respects constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary.Through its rulings, the judiciary continued to exhibit its independence and touphold individual civil rights, although the Supreme Court Chief Justice, in an attemptto reduce the court’s workload, limited the fundamental rights cases that thecourt examined, preventing some torture victims from obtaining redress.For the past 17 years, the Government has fought the Liberation Tigers of TamilEelam (LTTE), an insurgent organization fighting for a separate ethnic Tamil statein the north and east of the country. The conflict has claimed over 62,000 lives. In1999 government forces took LTTE-controlled areas north and west of Vavuniya, butcounterattacks starting in November 1999 erased most government gains. In Januarythe LTTE began a buildup on the Jaffna peninsula and in April captured theimportant Elephant Pass military base. The clashes left large numbers of civiliansdead or wounded and displaced more than 150,000 persons. Although the militaryhalted the LTTE advance toward Jaffna in June, continuing clashes between the securityforces and the LTTE killed several hundred more persons on both sides.The Ministry of Defense controls all security forces (armed forces and police). The60,000-member police force is responsible for internal security in most areas of thecountry, and it also has been used in military operations against the LTTE. The120,000-member army (which includes the Army Volunteer Force), the 17,000-membernavy, and the 18,500-member air force bear principal responsibility for conductingoperations against the LTTE insurgents. The police paramilitary SpecialTask Force (STF) also battles the LTTE. The more than 15,000-member HomeGuards, an armed force drawn from local communities and responsible to the police,provides security for Muslim and Sinhalese village communities in or near the warzone. The Government also arms and appears to direct various anti-LTTE Tamil militias,although at times these groups seemed to act independently of governmentauthority. During the year, some members of the security forces committed serioushuman rights abuses.Sri Lanka is a low-income country with a market economy based on the exportof textiles, tea, rubber, coconuts, and gems. It also earns substantial foreign exchangefrom tourism and the repatriated earnings of citizens employed abroad. Thegross domestic product (GDP) per capita is approximately $850. Real GDP growthwas 4.3 percent in 1999; because of increased exports and a surge in remittancesfrom citizens abroad, growth by year’s end reached 6.1 percent. In 1997 the Governmentintensified efforts to promote economic reform and liberalization, includingprivatizing public sector enterprises and promoting foreign investment and trade.These steps continued during the year, although privatization slowed due to the unsettledsituation in the country.The Government generally respected the human rights of its citizens in areas notaffected by the insurgency, but there are serious problems in some areas, and theongoing war with the LTTE continued to be accompanied by serious human rightsabuses by both sides of the conflict. Security forces committed numerousextrajudicial killings. In the past, security forces almost certainly killed prisonerscaptured on the battlefield; however, there were no reports of this abuse during theyear. The military and police reportedly tortured detainees, and one person died inVerDate 11-MAY-2000 13:46 Sep 20, 2001 Jkt 071555 PO 00000 Frm 00169 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 F:\WORK\COUNTRYR\S71555\71555.036 HINTREL1 PsN: HINTREL1