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condition, whereas the freezing model substantially improved the simulation results under frozen condition. Compared with two treatments (UG 79 and WG), the freezing model could express well grazing effects on soil water and heat fluxes under unfrozen conditions. This confirmed the freezing model could predict the behavior of soil freezing and thawing, as well as the effects of land management. The weak prediction of soil moisture in WG might relate with weak parameterization of hydraulic properties, e.g. platy structure. In addition, the freezing model did not obviously produce surface runoff generated by snowmelt or soil thawing from frozen soil layer. We suggest that seasonal water balance, especially considering rainfall water stored as snow, snow drift and the lateral water flow on frozen soil layers need to be investigated further because of the complicated interactions at the soil-atmosphere interface and thus effects of boundary conditions on the simulation. 134 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was done with the financial support of the German Research Council (DFG) for a research grant of the DFG RU #536 MAGIM. We thank Prof. Dr. Xinguo Han, Prof. Dr. Yongfei Bai and the Institute of Botany (Chinese Academy of Sciences) for the opportunity to work at IMGERS. REFERENCES Allen, R.G., L.S. Pereira, D. Raes, and M. Smith. 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO, Rome, p. 300. Bayard, D., Stahli, M., Parriaux, A., Fluhler, H. 2005. The influence of seasonally frozen soil on the snowmelt runoff at two Alpine sites in southern Switzerland. J. Hydrol. 309:66-84. Cherkauer, K. A., and D. P. Lettenmaier. 1999. Hydrologic effects of frozen soils in the upper Mississippi River basin. J. Geophys.Res. 104:19599–19610. Chung, S., and R. Horton. 1987. Soil heat and water flow with a partial surface mulch. Water Resour. Res. 23(12):2175–2186. de Vries, D.A. 1963. The thermal properties of soils. p. 210–235. In R.W. van
Chapter 6 Modeling of Coupled Water and Heat Transfer in Freezing and Thawing Soil Wijk (ed.) Physics of plant environment. North Holland, Amsterdam. Feddes, R.A., P.J. Kowalik, and H. Zaradny. 1978. Simulation of Field Water Use and Crop Yield, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Flerchinger, G.N., and K.E. Saxton. 1989. Simultaneous heat and water model of a freezing snow-residue-soil system I. Theory and development. Trans. ASAE 32:565–571. Gao, Y.Z., 2007. Influences of different land use management on net primary productivity and belowground carbon allocation in a semi-arid Inner Mongolia steppe, PhD Thesis. Kiel University, Germany. Gerasimova, M.I., S.V. Gubin, and S.A. Shoba. 1996. Soils of Russia and Adjacent Countries: Geography and Micromorphology. Moscow State University—Wageningen Agricultural University, p. 204. Harlan, R.L., 1973. Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen soil. Water Resour. Res. 9:1314–1323. Hansson, K., J., Šimůnek, M. Mizoguchi, L.-C., Lundin, and M.T., van Genuchten. 2004. Water flow and heat transport in frozen soil: numerical solution and freeze-thaw applications. Vadose Zone J. 3:693–704. Hillel, D., 1998. Environmental Soil Physics. Academic Press, 771 pp. Jansson, P.-E., and S. Halldin. 1980. SOIL water and heat model: Technical description. Swedish Coniferous Forest Proj. Tech. Rep. 26. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Kane, D.L. 1980. Snowmelt infiltration into seasonally frozen soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 3, 153-161. Kay, B.D., and P.H. Groenevelt. 1974. On the interaction of water and heat transport in frozen and unfrozen soils: I. Basic theory; the vapor phase. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:395–400. Koopmans, R.W.R., and R.D. Miller. 1966. Soil freezing and soil water characteristic curves. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 30:680–685. 135
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SCHRIFTENREIHE Institut für Pflanz
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Aus dem Institut für Pflanzenernä
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I Table of contents I Table of cont
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controlling soil moisture are of pa
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Zusammenfassung Überweidung wird a
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Die Beweidung beieinflusst besonder
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II List of figures Fig. 2.1. Locati
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measured soil moisture in time stab
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III List of tables Table 2.1. Descr
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1.1 Background Chapter 1 Introducti
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Chapter 1 Introduction is also unce
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Chapter 1 Introduction water in spr
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Chapter 1 Introduction requires the
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Chapter 1 Introduction Krümmelbein
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Chapter 2 Spatial variability of so
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Chapter 3 Spatio-temporal variabili
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Chapter 3 Factors controlling spati
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Chapter 4 Temporal stability of soi
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Y orientation Chapter 4 Temporal st
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MRD(%) MRD(%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20
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Soil water content (%) 40 30 20 10
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