TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Automation of enforcement efforts—monitoring red-light running or speed-limit violations—can help improve crash avoidance by making drivers more aware and increasing complianceand respect for traffic control devices and traffic laws intended to prevent crashes. Furtherimprovements in data collection systems can provide timely information necessary to maximizethe effectiveness of safety measures. Strategies relying on more accurate data abouttrends can be developed to improve public services, such as emergency services, enforcement,and hazardous materials teams.By the year 2025, we will have made a quantum leap forward in reducing highwayfatalities and injuries by dramatically decreasing the number of crashes thatoccur on America’s roadways. Automated cruise control and collision avoidancesystems, including interactive systems to prevent collisions at intersections, will bewidely available. Detection systems that alert drowsy drivers or prevent the operation of avehicle by impaired drivers will be more widely accepted and commonly used. Automatedobservation technologies will permit more effective enforcement of highway safety laws,particularly speeding and red-light running violations, thereby substantially reduce crashes.Improved safety data and information systems, as well as a better understanding of highwaycrash causation, will ensure that infrastructure investments are targeted toward the highesthazard locations using the most effective countermeasures available. To make the driving tasksafer for an older driving population and other users, improved computer-aided highwaydesign—for example, next-generation high-visibility pavement designs, enhanced pavementmarkings and signs, and other roadside safety hardware—will ensure that we have in place ahighway system that actively works to prevent crashes and minimizes the severity of crasheswhen they may occur.Motor Carrier SafetyA quarter century ago, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) regulated the economicaspects of the motor carrier industry. The FHWA had responsibility for safety regulation,performing several thousand on-site reviews annually for carrier compliance with bothfederal safety and hazardous materials regulations.In 1975, about 15,000 carriers had authority to provide interstate transportation for hire [Hill2000]. Economic deregulation of for-hire interstate truck and bus transportation, signed intolaw in 1980 and followed by intrastate deregulation, meant that nearly anyone could beginservice anywhere. There was a flood of new entrants—mostly small carriers, creating a safetyoversight challenge for the FHWA and the states.Between 1975 and 1998, annual VMT for large trucks more than doubled—from 81 billionmiles to 196 billion miles [USDOT FHWA 1975–1998]. Despite this increase in large-truckVMT, both the fatality rate and total crash incident rate per 100 million VMT have decreasedfor large trucks. The number of fatalities, however, has risen over the same period. In 1999,5,203 people were killed in crashes involving large trucks compared to 4,500 in 1975.Figure 3-22 shows the fatalities in large truck crashes from 1975 to 1998. On average, 80 percentof those killed in large-truck crashes were nonmotorists or occupants of other vehiclesinvolved in the crash [USDOT FMCSA 2000a].In the mid-1970s, about 18,000 roadside driver-vehicle safety inspections were conductedeach year by a small federal field staff [Hill 2000]. In 1982, Congress enacted the MotorCarrier Safety Assistance Program, a multimillion-dollar grant program under which statesperform roadside driver/vehicle inspections and carrier on-site compliance reviews. By 1999,more than 2 million inspections per year were being conducted (figure 3-23) mostly by states.Figure 3-24 shows the percent of vehicles and drivers removed from service (“out of service”)as a result of these roadside inspections.3-28
Figure 3-22Fatalities in Large Truck Crashes: 1975-98 (Annual totals)7,000Number of fatalities6,0005,0004,0001975 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998Figure 3-23Number of Vehicle Inspections: 1984-99 (Annual totals)2,500,000Source: U.S. Departmentof Transportation, NationalHighway Traffic SafetyAdministration, TrafficSafety Facts 1998(Washington, DC: 1999).2,000,000Number of inspections1,500,0001,000,000500,00001984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999Source: U.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal MotorCarrier Safety Administration,Motor Carrier Inspection Database(Washington, DC: Various years).* Roadside inspections thatresult in the vehicle and/ordriver being removed fromservice for violating FederalMotor Carrier SafetyRegulations or FederalHazardous MaterialsRegulations.Source: U.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal MotorCarrier Safety Administration,Motor Carrier InspectionDatabase (Washington, DC:Various years).Figure 3-24Out-of-Service Inspections*: 1984-99(Annual percentage rates)Percent of total inspected vehicles45403530252015105VehiclesDrivers01984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 19993-29
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
Page 90 and 91: the curtailed service in rural area
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
Page 94 and 95: direct flights to destinations and
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2-47International and Domest
Page 98 and 99: asis between shippers and carriers.
Page 100 and 101: Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
Page 102 and 103: Japan and Korea are still our major
Page 104 and 105: This shift from a “push” to a
Page 106 and 107: We may have to consider workforce-r
Page 108 and 109: Logistics Management and Distributi
Page 111: chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
Page 114 and 115: Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
Page 116 and 117: 7. do a better job of data collecti
Page 118 and 119: The USDOT human factors research in
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
Page 122 and 123: Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
Page 124 and 125: Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
Page 128 and 129: Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
Page 130 and 131: Child Restraints: Standards for chi
Page 132 and 133: Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
Page 138 and 139: Together, these systems provide an
Page 142 and 143: By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
Page 144 and 145: Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
Page 148 and 149: Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
Page 152 and 153: Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
Page 154 and 155: In the early 1970s, the aviation in
Page 156 and 157: The program was enhanced by an agre
Page 158 and 159: Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
Page 162 and 163: systems for steering andmachinery m
Page 164 and 165: In addition to search and rescue ac
Page 166 and 167: communities with access to the info
Page 168 and 169: are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
Page 170 and 171: Regulations are issued by the USDOT
Page 172 and 173: Keys to the FutureA number of curre
Page 174 and 175: References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
Page 176 and 177: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 178 and 179: _____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
Page 181 and 182: GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
Page 183 and 184: The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
Page 185 and 186: Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
Page 187 and 188: Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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