TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Significant deregulation legislation includes the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 for Interstatetrucking; deregulation of intrastate trucking in 1994; the Revitalization and RegulatoryReform Act of 1976 and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980 for railroads; the Bus Regulatory ReformAct of 1982 for buses; the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 for airlines; and the 1984 ShippingAct for ocean carriers.Generally, the goal of deregulation has been to remove or reduce government-imposedconstraints on the power of the market forces to determine industry economics. The desire torelax these constraints often grew out of recognition by the transportation enterprise that theconditions that stimulated the original regulatory actions no longer applied. In most cases,deregulation has been successful in creating conditions more conducive to industry success,but in some circumstances has led to decreased service options in rural areas.This section on deregulation focuses on the far-reaching changes that resulted from theeconomic deregulation of the motor carrier (trucking and bus), freight railroad, aviation, andmaritime industries, and looks at the impacts on transportation activity.Motor CarriersThe motor carrier industry comprises truck and bus companies. In 1975, the motor carrierindustry was regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). The ICC controlledroutes of service and rates through its rate bureaus. Start-up companies were required toprove that their plan to provide new service was in the public’s best interest. Only a limitednumber of truck and bus companies were authorized to provide service—18,000 truckcompanies in 1975 compared with nearly 500,000 today [USDOT FMCSA 2000]. Respondingto concerns about the economic inefficiency of the trucking industry, the ICC loosened theentry standards in the late 1970s. The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 further eased barriers toentry.Trucking companies were given authority to set rates independently, and most antitrustimmunity for collective rate-making was eliminated. As a result, existing carriers expandedinto new services with new routes and new, smaller carriers entered the business operations.In the years immediately following 1980, the use of private carriers (“in-house” truckingfleets) declined as companies chose to take advantage of lower rates and improved service bythe for-hire carriers.Figure 2-42During the 1980s, thenumber of motor carriers Index of Number of Commercial Trucks: 1975-98and commercial trucks1.7increased (see figure 2-421.6for growth in the numberof commercial trucks).1.5Tractor-trailer truckToday, there are nearly1.4500,000 trucking1.3companies providingservice, most of them with1.2six or fewer trucks1.1(table 2-6).1.0Single-unit truckDeregulation also led tofragmentation of industryservices and concentrationof market power. Underthe regulatory regime,1975 = 1.00.90.81975 1980 1985 19901995 1998Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, HighwayStatistics (Washington, DC: various years).2-40
Table 2-6Active Interstate Carriers by Fleet Size: 2000HazardousmaterialNumber of CarriersPassengercarriers5,9274,5351,47083214712,360All othersTotal219,279160,80542,55615,8253,2082684,357Fleet size(number ofpower units)One2 to 67 to 2021 to 100101 to 5,000Over 5,000Unspecified9,08317,2499,0285,1941,644171,410204,269139,02132,0589,7991,417880,587Total43,62515,272467,159526,056Note: Data include intrastate hazardous materials carriers.Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,Motor Carrier Management Information System Report LS50B901(Washington, DC: March 2000).many carriers offered both truckload (TL) and less than truckload (LTL) services. But, underderegulation, carriers began to specialize in either LTL or TL with the vast majority of carriersentering the TL segment. Very few carriers entered the LTL sector, and the largest LTL carriershave increased their control of that segment even more significantly. Deregulation alsoincreased the use of owner operators, drivers who own their vehicle and typically rentthemselves out to larger carriers.Increased competition has improved industry efficiency as carriers face constant pressure toreduce operating costs or risk losing market share to competitors. Since labor represents arelatively significant portion of total operating costs in the industry, drivers’ wages have notbeen immune to this pressure. Since 1975, drivers’ real earnings, adjusted for inflation, havedeclined. Coinciding with, and partially responsible for, this wage stagnation has been adecrease in the number of for-hire drivers represented by labor unions, with representationfalling from a high of 60 percent in 1973 to below 25 percent by 1995.Less than half of total trucking activity on the nation’s highway network, measured by bothton-miles and value of shipments, occurs within state boundaries [USDOT BTS 1997b]. In1994, 41 states still maintained some form of economic regulation over intrastate trucking.With interstate trucking deregulated, intrastate rates were 40 percent higher than rates forinterstate moves of the same distance. The federal government removed intrastate regulationsin 1994.Bus companies, too, were given freedom to set rates and determine routes as a result ofderegulation in 1982. Economic deregulation spurred strategic reorganization of the busindustry, created conditions for improved services, and, in certain cases, resulted indiminished services. Greyhound and Trailways joined forces in 1987 to provide a largernetwork of intercity bus service. In addition, new, smaller regional carriers have startedproviding service to specialized niche markets. These carriers not only serve geographicmarkets, but also sectors of the population, such as senior citizens, metropolitan commuters,vacation travelers, or luxury travelers. About 4,000 private motorcoach companies operate inthe United States, offering charters, tours, regular route service, and other bus services[ABA n.d.].Following deregulation and with increasing competition from airlines and automobiles, buscompanies eliminated many unprofitable routes and stops, particularly in rural areas. In1982, more than 11,000 locations were served nationwide, down from more than 16,000 in theearly 1970s. Today, the number of locations served has fallen to just about 5,000, with much of2-41
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
Page 38 and 39: EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
Page 40 and 41: General Motors has manufacturing fa
Page 42 and 43: immigration and drug smuggling by s
Page 44 and 45: This report is organized around six
Page 47: chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
Page 52 and 53: Growth of the Transportation System
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
Page 56 and 57: Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
Page 58 and 59: Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
Page 62 and 63: Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
Page 64 and 65: the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
Page 66 and 67: Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
Page 70 and 71: Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
Page 76 and 77: The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
Page 78 and 79: LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
Page 80 and 81: Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
Page 82 and 83: Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
Page 90 and 91: the curtailed service in rural area
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
Page 94 and 95: direct flights to destinations and
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2-47International and Domest
Page 98 and 99: asis between shippers and carriers.
Page 100 and 101: Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
Page 102 and 103: Japan and Korea are still our major
Page 104 and 105: This shift from a “push” to a
Page 106 and 107: We may have to consider workforce-r
Page 108 and 109: Logistics Management and Distributi
Page 111: chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
Page 114 and 115: Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
Page 116 and 117: 7. do a better job of data collecti
Page 118 and 119: The USDOT human factors research in
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
Page 122 and 123: Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
Page 124 and 125: Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
Page 128 and 129: Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
Page 130 and 131: Child Restraints: Standards for chi
Page 132 and 133: Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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