TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Maritime safety continues to be a high priority as high-speed or “fast ferries” (ferries withspeeds of at least 25 knots) carry more passengers in the United States every year and as thenumber of bigger and faster personal watercraft is increasing.Positioning: Highly accurate and affordable GPS make real-time position informationavailable worldwide. Just as early navigators needed charts and astronomical almanacs toderive their position using a sextant and chronometer, GPS and other modern systems operatein concert with high-precision digital charts.The DGPS was developed by the USCG and provides coastal coverage of the continentalUnited States, the Great Lakes, Puerto Rico, portions of Alaska and Hawaii, and portions ofthe Mississippi River Basin.The National Geodetic Survey (NGS), an office of NOAA’s National Ocean Service, managesand coordinates a nationwide network of continuously operating reference stations (CORS)that provides GPS carrier phase and code range measurements in support of threedimensionalpositioning activities throughout the United States and its territories. Some ofthese stations also provide meteorological data.As of 2000, CORS data were available from 191 stations [Weston 2000]. A complete NGSCORS network is not anticipated before 2004, when other CORS-compatible networks such asthe USDOT-sponsored NDGPS network become fully operational. The remainder of thestations incorporated into the NGS CORS network will be operated by a large number ofdifferent cooperating organizations to support diverse applications. Non-USDOTorganizations currently contributing sites to the NGS CORS network include several federal,state, and local agencies, as well as academia and private industry.Keys to the FutureOver the next 25 years, innovative technologies and new operational concepts will revolutionizethe maritime industry and make it safer and more productive. These includedeveloping and implementing computer-assisted vessel and cargo tracking systems;advanced navigation aids; remote pollution-monitoring; and other ship and landside,including port and intermodal system. Effective use of these technologies will be critical totaking full advantage of the potential of faster ships and more efficient ports now beingdeveloped to serve growing global trade. Leveraging emerging technologies will also becritical to ensuring U.S. global competitiveness. Overall, maritime operations will come toresemble a well-coordinated and managed enterprise, akin to aviation, rather than thetraditional image of autonomous ships acting independently on the judgment and intuition ofonly their captains.These improvements in operational concepts will enable the system to deal with a muchbroader range of maritime vehicles and services. Ferry service will probably become moreprevalent, to compensate for reduced land available in highly developed areas. High-speedhydrofoils, catamarans, SWATH (small water area twin-hull) ships and hovercraft willoperate as high-speed ferries in the coastal mega-cities that will have evolved from today’seast and west coast urban complexes.Intelligent vessel traffic services, coupled with differential GPS navigation, electronic charts,and related vessel improvements, will greatly improve the safety and efficiency of the marinetransportation system. Marine security information will be readily available to vesseloperators, integrated into the displays of data from which control decisions are made. Oceangoingvessels will be responsible for a large proportion of international movement of bulk6-36
commodities, but intelligent control technologies, improved weather forecasting, and highervessel speeds will have increased the safety of these operations while simultaneouslyimproving their productivity. As required by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, only double-hulledtankers will be in service in U.S. waters.The growth of global tourism will lead to more cruise ships of all sizes, linked to plains andtrains through multimodal port terminals. These vessels will carry international and U.S.vacationers across the oceans and major inland waterways. Some forecast particular growthin very large ocean liners, carrying several thousand passengers. Advanced super-high speed“techno-superliners”—the next generation 50-100 knot passenger ships—will be operatingboth as long-distance coastal and ocean-crossing carriers. These vessel technologies appliedto tomorrow’s container ships, tankers, and bulk carriers, will help deal with greatlyincreased world trade volume by improving the speed of delivery of water cargo. Mega-floatoffshore airports and intermodal terminal ports will be coupled with high-speed sea ferries tosolve the airport capacity constraints and better serve the U.S. and world coastal mega-cityhubs. Larger and larger cruise ships may evolve into self-propelled floating resort “cities,”which can migrate based on changing weather and climate conditions.ReferencesThe Aerospace Corporation. 1997. The Global Positioning System. Los Angeles, CA.Gordon, S. 1999. What Have We Learned? Metropolitan ITS Deployment. Briefing paper. OakRidge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Gugliotta, G. 2000. E-Charting a New Course. The Washington Post, p. A-7. 13 March.Hagler Bailly, Inc. 1999. The Market for Emerging Technology Applications in Transportation-Market Analysis and Forecast. Arlington, VA.McGurrin, M. 2000. Working paper on Intelligent Transportation Systems, draft, prepared forthe Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC.Proper, A. 1999. Intelligent Transportation Systems Benefits: 1999 Update. Prepared by MitretekSystems for the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.Available at http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/jpodocs/repts_te/6f701!.pdf, as of September18, 2000.Shibata, J. and R. French. 1997. A Comparison of Intelligent Transportation Systems ProgressAround the World Through 1996, ITS-AMER-97-B011. Northridge, CA: ITS America.Sjetnan, K.C. 1999. Cargo Systems, The Future of the Container Shipping Industry. London: IIRPublications, Ltd.Trimble Navigation Limited (Trimble). 2000. All About GPS. Available at http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.htm, as of September 11, 2000.U.S. Coast Guard (USCG). 1999. Research and Development Center. Marine Fuel Cell MarketAnalysis, CG-D-01-00. Washington, DC. September.__________. 2000. Universal Shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) Transponder.Available at http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/marcomms/ais.htm, as of September 8, 2000.6-37
Page 1:
THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
Page 265 and 266: eduction programs will be highly su
Page 267 and 268: A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
Page 269 and 270: and if we remain vigilant, we could
Page 271 and 272: Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Page 275 and 276: Organization for Economic Cooperati
Page 277: _____. 2000a. National Air Quality
Page 281 and 282: chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
Page 283 and 284: U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
Page 285 and 286: the base station to monitor the ent
Page 287 and 288: The roots of ITS predate the establ
Page 289 and 290: Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
Page 291 and 292: Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
Page 293 and 294: payment systems becomeintegrated wi
Page 295 and 296: Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
Page 297 and 298: Computer dispatched paratransit veh
Page 299 and 300: Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
Page 301 and 302: Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
Page 303 and 304: Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
Page 305 and 306: military, and general aviation) to
Page 307 and 308: (“independent”) radars and seco
Page 309 and 310: USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
Page 311 and 312: national deployment and as users eq
Page 313 and 314: Airport complexes (Reagan National,
Page 315: The methods used to gather and dist
Page 319: chapter 7National Security“In the
Page 322 and 323: The nation’s ability to meet the
Page 324 and 325: Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
Page 326 and 327: The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
Page 328 and 329: Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
Page 330 and 331: Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
Page 332 and 333: These acts of piracy accounted for
Page 334 and 335: Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
Page 336 and 337: Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
Page 338 and 339: threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
Page 340 and 341: Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
Page 342 and 343: Latin America and the Carribean Bas
Page 344 and 345: ______. 1999. America’s Merchant
Page 346 and 347: Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
Page 348 and 349: Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
Page 351 and 352: appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
Page 353 and 354: LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
Page 355 and 356: appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
Page 357 and 358: Commuter air carrier: A small certi
Page 359 and 360: Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
Page 361 and 362: Loran: An electronic navigational s
Page 363 and 364: Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
Page 365: Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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