TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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systems for steering andmachinery monitoring, alongwith antistranding sonarsystems to prevent vesselgroundings also haveimproved ship safety.Through the Internet, marinersreceive notices aboutpotentially hazardous situationson a real-time basis.Figure 3-44Fatalities Involving Commercial Waterborne Transportation:1975-98Continued emphasis onvessel inspections as well ason improvement of designand equipment requirementscombined with new vesseltrackingtechnology, worldwidedigital communications,and integrated navigationsystems using electroniccharting have allowed thecommercial maritime transportationsystem to attain high levels of safety. As the number of marine casualties hasdropped, so has the number of fatalities. The principle focus of marine safety efforts is nowon human error, a primary causal factor in four out of five marine accidents.Prevention Through People (PTP), a USCG initiative, attempts to reduce the human factorsproblem through education and training programs, as well as by publishing and broadcastinginformation for mariners on weather, waterway depth, changes to navigation markers,and hazards to navigation. In 1995, to further reduce the human factors problem in maritimeincidents, the world’s maritime community reached an agreement on new standardsand certifications for training and educating mariners, which is now being implemented.Passenger Vessels: The U.S. domestic passenger vessel fleet consistsof approximately 6,200 vessels, of which approximately 98percent are small passenger vessels (e.g., charter fishing, harbortour, or dinner cruise boats) or ferries. Passenger vessels in thedomestic fleet carry approximately 200 million passengers annually.Ferry vessels carry 134 million of these passengers. There areapproximately 130 foreign-flag passenger vessels that operate fromU.S. ports. These vessels carried almost 5.5 million passengers oncruises in 1998 [USDOT 1999]. The USCG enforces applicabledomestic and international safety standards on the U.S. domesticpassenger vessel fleet and international safety standards on foreignflagpassenger vessels operating out of U.S. ports. The aggressiveUSCG examination program of these vessels has resulted in nopassenger deaths on a foreign-flag vessels operating from U.S. portssince 1984, and the death rate involving the U.S. domestic passengervessel fleet continues to decline.Today, technological advances have made passenger vessels safer,but they also have increased the complexity of vessel operation andmaintenance. Newer vessels, which often have much higherpassenger capacities than previous vessels, have increased theNumber of fatalities3002502001501005001975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Investigationand Analysis, Compliance Analysis Division (Washington, DC: Various years).“Based on careful analysis,the Coast Guard hasfocused its safety effortstoward the source of mostaccidents: human error.The Prevention ThroughPeople program has createdpartnerships throughoutindustry that havesignificantly reduced thenumber of maritimeaccidents—withoutadditional regulations.”Adm. James M. LoyCommandant,U.S. Coast Guardnumber of possible casualties in the unlikely case of a catastrophic event. Passenger-vesseltraffic is increasing rapidly due to the growing markets for cruise ships, gambling ships, andpassenger ferries; and the number of high-speed, high-capacity passenger vessels is alsogrowing. Such increases can offset technological safety advances as the opportunity forhuman error, resulting in collisions and/or vessels running aground, increases.3-50
Search and Rescue: Over the past quarter century, the USCG has rescued more than 3,000boaters, fishermen, divers, and swimmers each year—or more than eight a day—from thenation’s oceans, rivers, lakes, and bays (figure 3-45). Figure 3-46 shows the number of livessaved and lost in search and rescue missions in various USCG districts.Figure 3-45Lives Saved in Search and Rescue Missions: 1975-99 (Annual totals)10,0008,000Lives saved6,0004,0002,00001975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, Search and Rescue Summary Statistics(Washington, DC: Annual issues).Figure 3-46U.S. Coast Guard Districts and the Number of Lives Lost and Saved: 199913th District242 Lives saved50 Lives lost9th District297 Lives saved63 Lives lost1st District533 Lives saved53 Lives lost11th District273 Lives saved62 Lives lost5th District290 Lives saved50 Lives lost14th District88 Lives saved26 Lives lost17th District270 Lives saved29 Lives lost8th District810 Lives saved107 Lives lostLives lostLeastMost7th District900 Lives saved88 Lives lostSource: U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast3-51
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
Page 111: chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
Page 114 and 115: Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
Page 116 and 117: 7. do a better job of data collecti
Page 118 and 119: The USDOT human factors research in
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
Page 122 and 123: Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
Page 124 and 125: Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
Page 128 and 129: Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
Page 130 and 131: Child Restraints: Standards for chi
Page 132 and 133: Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
Page 138 and 139: Together, these systems provide an
Page 140 and 141: Automation of enforcement efforts
Page 142 and 143: By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
Page 144 and 145: Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
Page 148 and 149: Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
Page 152 and 153: Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
Page 154 and 155: In the early 1970s, the aviation in
Page 156 and 157: The program was enhanced by an agre
Page 158 and 159: Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
Page 164 and 165: In addition to search and rescue ac
Page 166 and 167: communities with access to the info
Page 168 and 169: are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
Page 170 and 171: Regulations are issued by the USDOT
Page 172 and 173: Keys to the FutureA number of curre
Page 174 and 175: References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
Page 176 and 177: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 178 and 179: _____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
Page 181 and 182: GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
Page 183 and 184: The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
Page 185 and 186: Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
Page 187 and 188: Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
Page 191 and 192: Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
Page 193 and 194: The European Union (EU) achieved fu
Page 195 and 196: Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
Page 199 and 200: The record growth of world travel h
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
Page 203 and 204: integrated air and truck service. A
Page 205 and 206: traffic, will likely result in the
Page 207 and 208: Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
Page 209 and 210: The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
Page 211 and 212: By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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