TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Table 4-1Top 10 U.S. Merchandise Trade Partners, by Value: 1975 and 1998(Millions of chained 1996 $)19751998Rank Country Exports Imports Total Rank Country Exports Imports Total12345678910CanadaJapanGermanyUnited KingdomMexicoVenezuelaItalyNetherlandsFranceIran54,36023,90812,98511,31812,8535,6087,16810,4837,5788,11055,37828,56313,5259,4337,6659,0636,1432,7235,4103,495109,73852,47026,51020,75020,51814,67013,31013,20512,98811,605Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC: Various years).12345678910CanadaJapanMexicoChinaGermanyUnited KingdomTaiwanFranceSouth KoreaSingapore151,61856,15176,64013,83025,84337,89817,61217,19616,04215,203169,598118,32291,86769,02148,32933,74932,12923,35523,21817,807321,217174,473168,50782,85174,17271,64749,74240,55139,26133,010Figure 4-3U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: 1998Millions of dollars186 – 3,9994,000 – 10,99911,000 – 24,99925,000 – 79,99980,000 – 178,648No dataSource: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business (Washington, DC: July 1999).4-4
Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: 1998Millions of dollars986 – 5,4995,500 – 12,99913,000 – 24,99925,000 – 49,99950,000 – 91,788Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 1999(Washington, DC: 1999).Investment by foreign companies in the United States has grown as has U.S. investmentabroad. In fact, U.S. foreign investment has grown, in real terms, from an average of $45.3 billionper year in the 1970s to an average of $117.5 billion in the first half of the 1990s (inconstant 1990 dollars), and from 1.04 percent of our Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to1.64 percent [PPI 2000]. Figures 4-3 and 4-4 show U.S. investment abroad and foreign directinvestment into the United States, respectively, for 1998.In the early 1990s, about 20 percent of the total output of U.S. firms was produced outside ofthe country [The Economist 1998]; this figure seems likely to grow. In 1997, U.S. News and WorldReport reported that 82 percent of the money spent by U.S. businesses each year on fixedinvestment—plant and equipment—was spent in Asia, compared with only 33 percent10 years earlier [Holstein et al. 1997]. A good example of globalization of economy is theautomobile manufacturing industry—discussed in the following section.The phenomenon of globalization is not without its drawbacks, however. As world economiesbecome increasingly integrated and reliant on a transportation infrastructure that isresponsive and flexible, transportation systems and the sophisticated electronic informationand communications systems that make their day-to-day operations possible become moreattractive as terrorist targets. Threats against highway, rail, transit, and aviation systems;piracy; disruption of the Internet and cyber-based information systems; and interference withGlobal Positioning Systems and Intelligent Transportation Systems are growing concerns thatare discussed in detail in Chapter 7, National Security.The Automobile IndustryThe past quarter century was a period of turmoil and challenge for the nation’s automobilemanufacturers. Faced with an energy crisis that changed consumer buying habits, at leasttemporarily; continuing environmental pressures; and the growing success of Japanese andEuropean imports, the industry retooled its manufacturing processes, cars, marketing, andfinancial structure.4-5
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
Page 138 and 139: Together, these systems provide an
Page 140 and 141: Automation of enforcement efforts
Page 142 and 143: By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
Page 144 and 145: Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
Page 148 and 149: Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
Page 152 and 153: Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
Page 154 and 155: In the early 1970s, the aviation in
Page 156 and 157: The program was enhanced by an agre
Page 158 and 159: Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
Page 162 and 163: systems for steering andmachinery m
Page 164 and 165: In addition to search and rescue ac
Page 166 and 167: communities with access to the info
Page 168 and 169: are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
Page 170 and 171: Regulations are issued by the USDOT
Page 172 and 173: Keys to the FutureA number of curre
Page 174 and 175: References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
Page 176 and 177: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 178 and 179: _____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
Page 181 and 182: GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
Page 183: The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
Page 187 and 188: Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
Page 191 and 192: Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
Page 193 and 194: The European Union (EU) achieved fu
Page 195 and 196: Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
Page 199 and 200: The record growth of world travel h
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
Page 203 and 204: integrated air and truck service. A
Page 205 and 206: traffic, will likely result in the
Page 207 and 208: Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
Page 209 and 210: The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
Page 211 and 212: By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
Page 213 and 214: Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
Page 215 and 216: through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
Page 217 and 218: approved for partnerships that woul
Page 219 and 220: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
Page 221: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 225 and 226: chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
Page 227 and 228: Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
Page 229 and 230: carpools are now really family acti
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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