TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) created a surface transportationprogram with flexible funding that created new opportunities to address statewide and urbantransportation problems. ISTEA authorized $151 billion over six years for highways, mass transit,and safety programs.The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), signed into law on June 9, 1998, byPresident Clinton, built and expanded on ISTEA policies and programs. TEA-21 guaranteed arecord $200 billion in surface transportation investment for highways, highway safety, transit, andother surface transportation programs from FY 1998 through FY 2003. Contrary to earlierpredictions, TEA-21 continued all major ISTEA programs and added a number of new programs tomeet specific safety, economic, environmental, and community challenges. Other special programsinclude:the Transportation and Community and System Preservation Program,the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA),the Access to Jobs and Reverse Commute, andthe Rural Transportation Accessibility Program.Although TEA-21 retains the basic structure established by ISTEA, it does include some importantchanges. Two of the most significant achievements of TEA-21 are: 1) guaranteed funding; and2) the continuation and expansion of the landmark environmental programs created by ISTEA.TEA-21 also strengthens the planning requirements, expands the flexible funding provisions, andplaces a stronger emphasis on safety. It includes some new programs, such as funding for bordercrossing and trade corridor activities, to improve freight movements. It continues special provisionsfor hiring women and minorities, the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise requirement, and laborprotections such as the Davis-Bacon prevailing wage guarantee.Box 2-2Surface Transportation FinancingThe Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, coupled with the Highway Revenue Act of the same year,established the Highway Trust Fund, into which a 3 cents per gallon fuel tax was deposited (in1959, this was increased to 4 cents per gallon). Thus, the mechanism for financing expandedhighway programs was created. The 1960s and 1970s saw no changes to this financing, butmany changes were made in the 1980s and 1990s:The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 increased the motor fuels tax to 9 centsper gallon and allocated a portion of that fuel tax equal to about a penny per gallon to masstransit programs.Another increase of 5 cents per gallon—increasing the federal fuel tax to 14 cents pergallon—was enacted as part of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. For the firsttime in the history of the Highway Trust Fund, half of the revenues derived from this additional5 cent fuel tax increase went to the general fund of the Treasury for deficit reduction. Thegeneral fund portion of the tax was imposed on a temporary basis through September 30,1995.Another fuel tax increase of 4.3 cents per gallon was enacted effective October 1, 1993, withthe entire increase directed to the general fund of the Treasury for deficit reduction. Inaddition, the 5 cents enacted in 1990 was extended and all directed to the Highway TrustFund. So, fuel taxes deposited in the Trust Fund totaled 14 cents per gallon, with 2 centsdedicated to funding mass transit programs. Overall, taxes totaled 18.3 cents per gallon.The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 redirected the 4.3 cents general fund tax to the Highway TrustFund, effective October 1, 1997. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st Century (TEA-21)linked highway and transit spending directly to tax receipts. Of the 18.3 cents per gallon total,2.86 cents is dedicated to funding mass transit programs.2-8
Figure 2-8Congestion in 68 Urban Areas: 1982-9710080ExtremeSevereFigure 2-9Source: Texas TransportationInstitute. The 1999Annual Mobility Report:Information for UrbanAmerica (College Station,Texas: 1999).Percent60402001982 1990Annual Person-Hours of Delay Per Eligible Driver: 1982 and 19971997HeavyModerateUncongestedTacomaSalemEugene,SpringfieldSpokaneRochesterAlbany,Schenectady,TroyProvidence,PawtucketHonoluluFresnoBakersfieldTucsonCities with populationunder 1 millionSeattle,EverettSalt Lake CityAlbuquerqueEl PasoBoulderColorado SpringsLaredoAustinOmahaLouisvilleNashvilleMemphisBeaumontCorpus ChristiTampaBrownsvilleCharlotteJacksonvilleHartford,MiddletownAnnual Person-Hours of Delay PerEligible Driver80 hr.40 hr.20 hr.19821997San FranciscoSan JosePortlandSacramentoSan Bernardino,RiversideLas VegasPhoenixDenverMinneapolis,St. PaulKansas CityOklahoma CityMilwaukeeChicagoSt. LouisBostonClevelandColumbusRochester New YorkDetroitPittsburghPhiladelphiaBaltimoreCincinnatiWashington, DCIndianapolisNorfolkLos AngelesSan DiegoFort WorthDallasAtlantaOrlandoCities with populationover 1 millionSan AntonioHoustonNew OrleansMiami,HialeahFt. Lauderdale,Hollywood,Pompano BeachNotes: An eligible driver is someone 16 years and older who is eligible for a driver’s license. The citiesshown represent the 50 largest metropolitan areas, as well as others chosen by the states sponsoring thestudy. For a detailed explanation of the formulas used, see the source document.Source: Texas Transportation Institute, Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report (College Station,TX: 1998).2-9
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
Page 9 and 10: Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
Page 11: Chapter 6—Technology ............
Page 14 and 15: change. Secretary Slater challenged
Page 16 and 17: A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
Page 18 and 19: January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
Page 20 and 21: Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
Page 22 and 23: Technology has played a critical ro
Page 24 and 25: Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
Page 26 and 27: conventional classroom with the adv
Page 28 and 29: than predicted. The large differenc
Page 30 and 31: In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
Page 32 and 33: FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
Page 34 and 35: traffic and more time with families
Page 36 and 37: operations, maintenance, and mannin
Page 38 and 39: EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
Page 40 and 41: General Motors has manufacturing fa
Page 42 and 43: immigration and drug smuggling by s
Page 44 and 45: This report is organized around six
Page 47: chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
Page 52 and 53: Growth of the Transportation System
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
Page 58 and 59: Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
Page 62 and 63: Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
Page 64 and 65: the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
Page 66 and 67: Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
Page 70 and 71: Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
Page 76 and 77: The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
Page 78 and 79: LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
Page 80 and 81: Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
Page 82 and 83: Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
Page 88 and 89: Significant deregulation legislatio
Page 90 and 91: the curtailed service in rural area
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
Page 94 and 95: direct flights to destinations and
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2-47International and Domest
Page 98 and 99: asis between shippers and carriers.
Page 100 and 101: Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
Page 102 and 103: Japan and Korea are still our major
Page 104 and 105: This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
Page 361 and 362:
Loran: An electronic navigational s
Page 363 and 364:
Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
Page 365:
Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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