TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Pedalcyclists: A person on a vehicle powered solely by pedals.Person trip: Trip by one person using any mode of transportation. For example, four peopletraveling together in one auto equal four person trips.Plurilateral agreement: Treaty between more than two states reached within the auspices of a“multilateral agreement.” However, not all multilateral signatories are bound to theplurilateral agreement unless they have specifically committed themselves to it.Positive train controls (PTC): The application of digital data communications, automaticpositioning systems, wayside interface units (to communicate with switches and waysidedetectors), on-board and control center computers, and other advanced display, sensor, andcontrol technologies to manage and control railroad operations. PTC can help reduce theprobability of collisions between trains, collisions between trains and maintenance-of-waycrews, and overspeed accidents. PTC systems can also improve the efficiency of railroadoperations by reducing some train over-the-road delays, increasing running time reliability,increasing track capacity, and improving asset utilization.Power Projection Platforms (PPP): U.S. military bases from which armed forces are movedto seaports for military deployment.Radial commuting pattern: Commuting from suburban areas on the fringes of a city towardsits center or core.Ramjet: An air-breathing jet engine that operates with no major moving parts. It relies on thecraft’s forward motion to draw in air and on a specially shaped intake passage to compressthe air for combustion. Ramjets work best at speeds of Mach 2 (twice the speed of sound) andhigher.Ramp metering programs: Control devices on entrance ramps that regulate the amount oftraffic entering a freeway.Regenerative brakes: A system wherein much of the braking and deceleration energy isrecouped and returned to the battery to increase overall efficiency rather than being wastedas heat.Revenue passenger miles: One passenger carried one mile generates one passenger-mile.Revenue ton-miles: One ton of revenue cargo (including all baggage) transported one mile.Right of establishment: The right of airlines to create or purchase subsidiary airlineswithin a foreign nation.Right-of-way: 1. The track, roadbed, and property alongside which is owned by the railroad.2. The land acquired for and devoted to highway transportation.Roll on/roll off vessel (water): Ships that are especially designed to carry wheeled containersor other wheeled cargo, and use the roll on/roll off method for loading and unloading.Route sequencing (air): Process by which an air-traffic controller issues instructions to pilotson the proper flight headings, altitudes, and speeds to maintain separation from other aircraftand ensure safe and efficient order of arrivals, departures, and en route traffic.Sealift: U.S.-controlled maritime or aviation shipping capacity used in times of militaryemergencies.C-8
Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flown between airports multiplied by the number of seatsavailable on that flight for revenue passenger use. Seventy-five passengers flying 300 mileswould equal 22,500 seat miles.Smart growth: A concept intended to promote the quality of life in existing urban areas, limiturban sprawl, and promote a sense of community. Policies stemming from smart growthinclude the restoration of center cities and older suburbs, investment in transit and pedestrianforms of transportation, a greater mix of housing, commercial, and retail uses and thepreservation of open space and many other environmental amenities.Smart pigs: Devices that travel inside a pipe and are able to detect corrosion, metal loss, andmechanical gouges or dents.Stages 2 and 3 aircraft: Under Federal Aviation Regulation Part 36, aircraft sound levels arecategorized by stages. Stage 2 is the aircraft sound level needed to meet FAA 1969 noiseregulations. Examples of Stage 2 aircraft include the B-727-200 and the DC 9. Stage 2regulations are being phased out. Stage 3 refers to aircraft sound levels needed to meetFAA’s more stringent 1975 noise regulations. Examples include the B-737-300, the B-757,the MD-80, and the A-310. Stage 3 aircraft noise levels range from 95 to 105 dBA.Station cars: Electric vehicles driven to and from mass transit stations by transit riders.Typically, they are battery-powered, two-seat vehicles designed to transport transit userswho cannot reach their final destinations by walking. They are intended to provide anoption that could encourage transit use by those who otherwise would be compelled todrive their own vehicles.Steel wheel (rail): The cast or forged steel wheel that rolls on the rail, carries the weight, andprovides guidance for rail vehicles. The wheels are semipermanently mounted in pairs onsteel axles and are designed with flanges and a tapered treat to provide for operation on trackof a specific gauge. The wheel also serves as a brake drum on cars with on-tread brakes.Supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet): An air-breathing engine designed for speedsbeyond Mach 6, which mixes fuel into air flowing through it at supersonic speeds, used inhypersonic aircraft.Supply chain: A set of three or more organizations directly linked by one or more of theupstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and information from asource to a customer.Supply chain management: The systematic, strategic coordination of traditional businessfunctions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain forthe purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and thesupply chain as a whole.Tanker: An oceangoing ship designed to haul liquid bulk cargo in world trade.Tier II: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations that cover motor vehicles and thefuels they use. These standards require a reduction in tailpipe emissions and lower sulfurcontent. These regulations specify acceptable ranges for some fuel qualities (e.g., volatility,sulfur content). In areas of the country with severe ozone problems, EPA requires the use ofgasoline that has been reformulated to meet a predicted level of emissions performance, basedon a range of fuel characteristics.Tractor: Truck designed primarily to pull a semitrailer by means of a fifth wheel mounted overthe rear axels. Sometimes called a truck-tractor or highway tractor to differentiate it from afarm tractor.C-9
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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Page 313 and 314: Airport complexes (Reagan National,
Page 315 and 316: The methods used to gather and dist
Page 317 and 318: commodities, but intelligent contro
Page 319: chapter 7National Security“In the
Page 322 and 323: The nation’s ability to meet the
Page 324 and 325: Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
Page 326 and 327: The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
Page 328 and 329: Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
Page 330 and 331: Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
Page 332 and 333: These acts of piracy accounted for
Page 334 and 335: Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
Page 336 and 337: Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
Page 338 and 339: threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
Page 340 and 341: Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
Page 342 and 343: Latin America and the Carribean Bas
Page 344 and 345: ______. 1999. America’s Merchant
Page 346 and 347: Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
Page 348 and 349: Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
Page 351 and 352: appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
Page 353 and 354: LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
Page 355 and 356: appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
Page 357 and 358: Commuter air carrier: A small certi
Page 359 and 360: Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
Page 361: Loran: An electronic navigational s
Page 365: Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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