TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Regulations are issued by the USDOT covering training, packaging, hazard communication,operations, enforcement, emergency response, and incident reporting.In 1975, more than 15 million barrels of petroleum products, the largest single component oftransported hazmat, were being shipped daily across the country [USDOE 1997], as werehundreds of thousands of tons of hazardous chemicals [Maio & Liu 1987]. Most hazmattonnage was carried by rail, water, and pipeline modes, but highway transport—acceleratedby growth of the Interstate Highway System—resulted in the greatest number of individualshipments. Most hazardous materials incidents, defined as any unintentional release ofmaterial (or evacuation based on potential release), took place on highways (figure 3-49).Hazmat safety regulation has undergone profound change since 1975, sparked by severalmajor events, including the 1984 toxic gas release in Bhopal, India. That incident resulted inapproximately 3,800 deaths and prompted a new subclass of hazardous materials—thosethat are classified as poisonous by inhalation. The Bhopal incident also led to passage of the1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, which gave local communitiesa greater ability to learn what hazardous materials were being stored in their communities.Moreover, the incident catalyzed emergency response planning efforts at the federal, state, andlocal levels.In 1990, the Hazardous Materials Transportation Uniform Safety Act required certain hazmatshippers and carriers to pay a fee to register with the USDOT. According to RSPA, changes inthe registration and fee assessment program, authorized in the 1990 Act, have provided aprojected 50 percent increase in funding, as expanded registration requirements swelled thenumber of registered hazmat shippers and carriers from about 27,000 to 45,000. This moneyhas been used to fund emergency planning and training grants with enhanced capabilities foridentifying, controlling, and responding to risks posed by hazmat shipments. This registrationprogram also created a funding mechanism for federal grants to support local hazmatsafety planning and training. Since 1993, these grants have provided training to about815,000 people who respond to hazardous materials incidents [USDOT RSPA 2000a].The May 1996 ValuJet crash, resulting in 110 deaths, again heightened public awareness ofhazmat transport risks. Improperly marked and stowed chemical oxygen generators aboardthe flight triggered intense heat in an inaccessible cargo bay, causing a rapid fire, smoke, andloss of aircraft control. Chemical oxygen generators were subsequently banned as freightaboard any passenger aircraft. If transported on cargo aircraft, such materials must beshipped in an inaccessible compartment that is required to have smoke and fire detection andsuppression systems. Empty oxygen generators were banned from all aircraft, both cargo andpassenger.Although the number of hazmat incidents reported annually to USDOT is growing due tolong-term traffic growth and better reporting compliance, the level of serious incidents hasremained nearly constant (figure 3-51). Serious incidents are defined as one involving afatality or major injury due to a hazardous material; closure of a major transportation artery orfacility or evacuation of six or more people due to the presence of hazardous material; or avehicle accident or derailment resulting in the release of hazardous material.Efforts to improve data collection, management, and allocation of USDOT resources are alsounderway. Efforts by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) are yielding much greaterdetail about nationwide hazardous materials flows, as well as better hazmat vehicle useinformation, and the modal distribution of hazardous materials (table 3-5).3-58
Figure 3-51Serious Hazardous Materials Incidents and All Hazardous Materials Incidents:1990-98 (Annual totals)Serious incidents5004003001990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199820,000All incidents15,00010,0005,00001990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Office ofHazardous Materials Safety, Hazardous Materials Information System, 1999.Table 3-5Hazardous Materials Shipment Characteristics by Mode ofTransportation for the United States: 1997Ton-milesMode of transportation Number PercentAll modesSingle modesTruckFor-hire truckPrivate truckRailWaterAir (including truck and air)PipelineMultiple modesParcel, U.S. Postal Service or courierOther multiple modesOther and unknown modes263,809258,91274,93945,23428,84774,71168,21295n/a3,061782,9821,837100.098.128.417.110.928.325.90.04–1.2–1.10.7Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics,1997 Commodity Flow Survey data; U.S. Department of Commerce, CensusBureau, 1997 Commodity Flow Survey, Hazardous Materials, EC97TCF-US(HM)(Washington, DC: 1999).3-59
Page 1:
THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
Page 122 and 123: Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
Page 124 and 125: Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
Page 128 and 129: Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
Page 130 and 131: Child Restraints: Standards for chi
Page 132 and 133: Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
Page 138 and 139: Together, these systems provide an
Page 140 and 141: Automation of enforcement efforts
Page 142 and 143: By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
Page 144 and 145: Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
Page 148 and 149: Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
Page 152 and 153: Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
Page 154 and 155: In the early 1970s, the aviation in
Page 156 and 157: The program was enhanced by an agre
Page 158 and 159: Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
Page 162 and 163: systems for steering andmachinery m
Page 164 and 165: In addition to search and rescue ac
Page 166 and 167: communities with access to the info
Page 168 and 169: are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
Page 172 and 173: Keys to the FutureA number of curre
Page 174 and 175: References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
Page 176 and 177: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 178 and 179: _____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
Page 181 and 182: GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
Page 183 and 184: The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
Page 185 and 186: Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
Page 187 and 188: Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
Page 191 and 192: Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
Page 193 and 194: The European Union (EU) achieved fu
Page 195 and 196: Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
Page 199 and 200: The record growth of world travel h
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
Page 203 and 204: integrated air and truck service. A
Page 205 and 206: traffic, will likely result in the
Page 207 and 208: Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
Page 209 and 210: The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
Page 211 and 212: By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
Page 213 and 214: Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
Page 215 and 216: through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
Page 217 and 218: approved for partnerships that woul
Page 219 and 220: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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