TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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approach and 6,500 meters on takeoff). All large aircraft operating within the United Stateshad to meet Stage 3 requirements by the end of December 1999. This was accomplished,giving the United States the quietest aviation fleet in the history of the country. Many older,Stage 2 aircraft have been retrofitted with so called “hush kits” to bring them into regulatorycompliance.Figure 5-31Estimated Population Exposed to Airport Noise Levels of DNL 65 dB or More: 1975-99(Annual totals)10Population exposed (millions)10Population exposed (millions)9876543210Departures (millions)1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 19999876543210Aircraft departures (millions)Sources: Exposure estimates: U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Environmentand Energy; Departures 1975-93: USDOT, FAA, Statistical Handbook of Aviation (Washington, DC: Annual issues); Departures1994-95: USDOT, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Airport Activity Statistics of Certificated Air Carriers: Twelve Months EndingDecember 31, 1995 (Washington, DC: 1996).In January 2001, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) will meet to set internationalnoise standards for the next several decades. This meeting will set the stage for futureFAA actions. The Clinton-Gore Administration believes that the best way to achieve suchnoise reduction levels is to work through ICAO to establish a new Stage 4 standard and thenimplement that standard.5-44Keys to the FutureHighway traffic noise reduction is a shared responsibility. Thus, the Federal HighwayAdministration encourages state and local governments to practice compatible land-useplanning and control in the vicinity of highways. Source control or control of noise emissionsfrom the vehicles themselves is a joint responsibility of private industry and of federal, state,and local governments and will be an ongoing activity in the future. Noise abatement measuresalso will be considered and implemented if determined to be both reasonable andfeasible. The construction of noise barriers will likely continue to be the most commonly usedmethod. Future research efforts will strive to produce more cost-effective solutions andefficient allocation of resources to deal with the problems of highway traffic noise. Emphasisis anticipated in the areas of traffic noise prediction and abatement analysis.The Federal Railroad Administration regulates noise based on standards developed by theEnvironmental Protection Agency. Operations in yards, particularly switching, is the primarysource of railroad noise. By 2025, railroad traffic is expected to increase by nearly 75 percent;
and if we remain vigilant, we could stem the growth in railroad noise. As rail traffic increasesand more people are exposed to railroad noise, pressure may grow to impose a more stringenttrain noise standard.Because of the international nature of aviation, aircraft noise standards are established by theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations.In 1991, ICAO’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection, while retaining noisereduction at the source as the preferred option, agreed to pursue a “balanced approach” tonoise. This approach would consist of reducing aircraft noise, developing procedures to makeoperations quieter, and land-use planning to minimize the number of homes and otherincompatible uses near airports. Currently, airspace redesigns and remediation measures,such as land buyouts and residential insulation, play an important role in managing aircraftnoise in the United States. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Transportation is currentlyworking with NASA on developing even quieter airplanes, and is also working through theICAO to establish and implement a new standard—Stage 4.Solid WasteTransportation generates a good deal of solid waste that is either recycled or ends up inlandfills. Discarded vehicles and vehicle parts and abandoned infrastructure, such aspavement from highways or rail line materials, are the major elements of transportationrelatedsolid waste. The maintenance of transportation infrastructure can also generate solidwaste, the most notable of which is disposal of silt and other material dredged from ports andharbors.Significant improvements have been made in dealing with these elements. Much of thematerial generated by scrapping automobiles is currently recycled. In 1994, nearly threequartersof the 12.8 million tons of material generated from retired automobiles was recycled.The remainder (3.5 million tons) was placed in landfills [USDOT BTS 1999]. Between 1990and 1998, the number of scrap tires stockpiled, landfilled, and dumped annually declinedappreciably, while the annual number of scrap tires generated each year increased 10 percent.The number of tires used as fuel increased nearly fivefold, reaching more than 110 million.Nonfuel markets for processed and whole tires consumed 49 million scrap tires in 1998, threetimes the 1990 level. Export of scrap tires has increased more modestly since 1990, from 12million tires in 1990 to 15 million in 1998 [USEPA 1991; Scrap Tire Management Council1999].The railroad industry also reuses and recycles much of its old infrastructure. Almost all railsremoved from mainlines are reused on secondary lines, branch lines, or yard tracks. Othertrack materials such as fasteners, tie plates, spikes, and anchors are reused when possible,and components such as switch stands, joint bars, and switch plates are repaired and used orsold to short lines that need lower cost products. Materials that are not reusable are sold tobrokers or directly to steel mills for recycling. Wooden ties are often repaired with a chemicalplugging agent to fill holes, and are then reused. Those that cannot be reused are sold aslandscape materials, parking bumpers, fence posts, and retaining walls or are sold topowerplants. Only the worst ties are placed in landfills. Like wooden ties, treated timberfrom bridges and other structures is either reused or disposed. Used concrete ties and mostplastic rail-tie components are placed in landfills. Fine materials removed from ship ballaststhat have been cleaned are occasionally reused on roads [Thompson & Morehead 1996].Approximately 14 to 28 million cubic yards of contaminated material is dredged each year.This is estimated to be about 5 to 10 percent of all dredged material [NRC 1997]. Uncontaminateddredged material can be used for beach nourishment, wetland creation, and as caps for5-45
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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Page 219 and 220: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
Page 221: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 225 and 226: chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
Page 227 and 228: Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
Page 229 and 230: carpools are now really family acti
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
Page 235 and 236: Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
Page 237 and 238: Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
Page 241 and 242: Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
Page 243 and 244: transportation’s share of U.S. pe
Page 245 and 246: Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
Page 247 and 248: loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
Page 249 and 250: States’ gas hydrate resources alo
Page 251 and 252: Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
Page 253 and 254: Despite dramatic reductions in air
Page 255 and 256: Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
Page 257 and 258: cleaner industrial and electrical g
Page 259 and 260: Because transportation greenhouse g
Page 261 and 262: Other fuels show less promise at th
Page 263 and 264: The advent of increased environment
Page 265 and 266: eduction programs will be highly su
Page 267: A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
Page 271 and 272: Invasive Species: Transportation in
Page 273 and 274: Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
Page 275 and 276: Organization for Economic Cooperati
Page 277: _____. 2000a. National Air Quality
Page 281 and 282: chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
Page 283 and 284: U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
Page 285 and 286: the base station to monitor the ent
Page 287 and 288: The roots of ITS predate the establ
Page 289 and 290: Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
Page 291 and 292: Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
Page 293 and 294: payment systems becomeintegrated wi
Page 295 and 296: Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
Page 297 and 298: Computer dispatched paratransit veh
Page 299 and 300: Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
Page 301 and 302: Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
Page 303 and 304: Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
Page 305 and 306: military, and general aviation) to
Page 307 and 308: (“independent”) radars and seco
Page 309 and 310: USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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Page 313 and 314: Airport complexes (Reagan National,
Page 315 and 316: The methods used to gather and dist
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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