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are growing. Smart pigs will be increasingly used to detect a variety of pipeline integrityconcerns such as pipe wall thinning, excavation hits to pipelines or other mechanicaldamage, material defects, and cracks. Efforts in the area of acoustical monitoring will providereal-time detection of excavation-related damage. Complementary to these efforts, in the future,Global Positioning System (GPS) technology will work with smart pig technology toaccurately map pipelines and pinpoint potential problems so they may be corrected beforeincidents occur [Wilke 1998]. A longer range effort is underway to develop a single smart pigthat can detect corrosion and mechanical defects.Smart pigs are effective for about 90 percent of hazardous liquid pipelines, but they have morelimited use on natural gas pipelines because these pipelines tend to have interconnected pipesegments of varying diameters. Alternative inspection technologies will be needed forpipelines that cannot accommodate smart pigs due to varying pipe sizes and configurations.Based on historical trends, we anticipate an 8 percent reduction every five years in the numberof reported natural gas transmission system leaks through the year 2025, as the chart depicts(figure 3-49), or an overall reduction of about 36 percent in the number of system leaks fromthe year 2000 through the year 2025.Figure 3-49Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline System Leaks5,000Number of system leaks4,0003,0002,0001,00002000 2005 20102015 2020 2025Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special ProgramsAdministration, personal communication December 5, 2000.3-56Box 3-13Smart PigsSmart pigs— computerized magnetic or ultrasonic mechanical devices that are pushed along byflowing material inside the pipeline— inspect internal and external pipe wall conditions and thethickness of the metal wall. They allow pipeline operators to inspect for damage without excavatingthe pipe or stopping product flow.Types of pigs:Magnetic flux leakage pigs detect pipe wall thinning or loss of material, which usually meanscorrosion. Under certain conditions, they can detect some types of mechanical damage, suchas gouges, but cannot characterize or size mechanical damage to determine its severity. Theycan be used in both gas and hazardous-liquid pipelines and have been available since the mid-1960s.continued next page
Box 3-13 continuedUltrasonic pigs detect corrosion and cracks in the pipe wall. They also can detect mechanicaldamage, although they cannot determine the severity of the damage with a high level ofconfidence. These devices require a liquid film between the ultrasonic transducer and the pipewall. Therefore, they can be used only in liquid pipelines.Elastic wave pigs detect cracks, stress corrosion cracking, external coating faults, andother axially oriented pipe defects. The ultrasonic transducers used in elastic wave toolshave rolling contact with the pipe wall. They do not require a liquid film and can be usedin gas pipelines as well as in hazardous-liquid pipelines.Geometry pigs detect changes in the internal size of new and operating pipelines. Ovality,dents, and buckles can be detected in both gas and hazardous-liquid pipelines.Camera pigs allow visual inspection of the inside bottom quadrant of gas pipelines byproducing photographs of the inside surface.Pipe-curvature pigs determine position, orientation, curvature, ovality, dents, and wrinklesin gas pipelines and those that transport liquids. These devices can detect pipe movementafter seismic events.Figure 3-50Reported Hazardous Materials Incidents: 1975-98(Annual totals)20,000Number of incidents15,00010,0005,000TotalHighway01975 1980 1985 1990 19951998Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Officeof Hazardous Material Safety, Hazardous Materials Information System (Washington, DC: 1999).Hazardous Materials SafetyOver the last 25 years, the transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) has been thesubject of increased scrutiny. Today, an estimated 800,000 U.S. hazmat shipments are madedaily [USDOT RSPA 1998]. These shipments, in combination with a growing population,urban sprawl, and increasing air-, road-, rail-, and water-traffic congestion, fuel concern forthe safe transportation of hazardous materials and the potential consequences of acatastrophic event.The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1974, signed into law in 1975, gave theUSDOT expanded power to regulate hazmat transportation. The USDOT has the authority todetermine which materials pose unreasonable transportation risks to public health and safety.3-57
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
Page 118 and 119: The USDOT human factors research in
Page 120 and 121: Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
Page 122 and 123: Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
Page 124 and 125: Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
Page 128 and 129: Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
Page 130 and 131: Child Restraints: Standards for chi
Page 132 and 133: Demographic Characteristics (age)In
Page 134 and 135: Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
Page 136 and 137: Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
Page 138 and 139: Together, these systems provide an
Page 140 and 141: Automation of enforcement efforts
Page 142 and 143: By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
Page 144 and 145: Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
Page 146 and 147: Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
Page 148 and 149: Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
Page 150 and 151: Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
Page 152 and 153: Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
Page 154 and 155: In the early 1970s, the aviation in
Page 156 and 157: The program was enhanced by an agre
Page 158 and 159: Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
Page 160 and 161: Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
Page 162 and 163: systems for steering andmachinery m
Page 164 and 165: In addition to search and rescue ac
Page 166 and 167: communities with access to the info
Page 170 and 171: Regulations are issued by the USDOT
Page 172 and 173: Keys to the FutureA number of curre
Page 174 and 175: References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
Page 176 and 177: U.S. Department of Transportation (
Page 178 and 179: _____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
Page 181 and 182: GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
Page 183 and 184: The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
Page 185 and 186: Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
Page 187 and 188: Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
Page 189 and 190: Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
Page 191 and 192: Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
Page 193 and 194: The European Union (EU) achieved fu
Page 195 and 196: Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
Page 197 and 198: Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
Page 199 and 200: The record growth of world travel h
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
Page 203 and 204: integrated air and truck service. A
Page 205 and 206: traffic, will likely result in the
Page 207 and 208: Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
Page 209 and 210: The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
Page 211 and 212: By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
Page 213 and 214: Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
Page 215 and 216: through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
Page 217 and 218: approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Organization for Economic Cooperati
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_____. 2000a. National Air Quality
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chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
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the base station to monitor the ent
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The roots of ITS predate the establ
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Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
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Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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payment systems becomeintegrated wi
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Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
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Computer dispatched paratransit veh
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Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
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Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
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Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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military, and general aviation) to
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(“independent”) radars and seco
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USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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national deployment and as users eq
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Airport complexes (Reagan National,
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The methods used to gather and dist
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commodities, but intelligent contro
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chapter 7National Security“In the
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The nation’s ability to meet the
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Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
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The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
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Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
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Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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These acts of piracy accounted for
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Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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