TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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The Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET) system of public highways forms a key componentof U.S. strategic defense policy, providing access, continuity, and emergency transport ofpersonnel and equipment in times of peace and war. The 61,000-mile system comprises about45,400 miles of Interstate and defense highways and 15,600 miles of other important publichighways.STRAHNET is complemented by about 1,700 miles of STRAHNET Connectors—additionalhighway routes linking more than 200 important military installations and ports to the network.These routes are typically used when moving personnel and“The National HighwaySystem is essential to ourability to move equipmentand personnel in support ofcontingencies or peacekeepingefforts anywhere inthe world.”equipment during mobilization or deployment and generallyterminate at the port boundary or installation gate. It is theseroutes where infrastructure deficiencies are most likely to occurbecause connector roads tend to be secondaryfacilities. Therefore, STRAHNET Connectors are a subject ofcontinuous scrutiny and emphasis for the transportation community.Together, STRAHNET and STRAHNET Connectors define theminimum public highway network needed to support defenseemergencies. Because of national security importance, theIntermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and theNational Highway System Designation Act of 1995 provided forinclusion of STRAHNET and important STRAHNET Connectorsin the 161,000-mile National Highway System (NHS). Federaloversight ensures optimum maintenance levels for the NHS and assures that roads can supportemergency deployment. With DOD’s current emphasis on CONUS-based military units, theNHS will play an increasingly important role in future deployment scenarios.Lt. Gen. Kenneth R. Wykle, USA,Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S.Transportation Command,Mar. 2, 1997In today’s environment, the most important STRAHNET and Connector routes support themovement of Army and Marine Corps troops and equipment between the Power ProjectionPlatforms (PPPs) and embarkation seaports. The majority of the Army and Marine Corps unitswill ultimately mobilize and deploy from PPP sites (figure 7-3).The Military Traffic Management Command Transportation Engineering Agency (MTMCTEA)administers the Highways for National Defense Program on behalf of the U.S. TransportationCommand. MTMCTEA works with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to identifyimportant defense highways and ensure that the infrastructure is able to support a defenseemergency. Current initiatives involve documenting the condition and needs of PPP deploymentroutes.Over the next few decades, the demand for personal travel and goods movement is expected toincrease significantly. This increase in travel demand could impact defense mobility because ofconflicts between military traffic and the demand for movement of people and goods. Theseconflicts be reduced, however, by the use of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologiesfor communicating real-time information to users that will provide deployment officials withroute guidance. The ITS system will use the existing highway and rail databases, be Internetaccessible, capable of using video logs and remote sensing satellite imagery, and provide realtimeinformation on traffic conditions, road closures, construction, and weather. The militarywill evolve into highly mobile, light, lethal forces that will reduce the current bridge, tunnel, androadway structural requirements for tanks and other heavy equipment.VulnerabilityOne of USDOT’s national security strategic goals is to reduce the vulnerability and consequencesof intentional harm to the entire transportation system and its users. Such vulnerabilityexists in every country’s transportation infrastructure. In the last quarter century, there havebeen intentional harmful attacks against every transportation mode in the United States,7-6
Figure 7-3The Strategic Highway Network (STRAHNET) and Major MilitaryDeployment Sites: 2000Fort LewisFort McCoyFort DrumFort DixFort RileyCamp PendletonFort CarsonFort SillFort CampbellFort EustisFort BraggCamp LejeuneFort BlissFort HoodFort PolkFort BenningFort StewartSTRAHNET Links and ConnectorsU.S. InterstateMajor Military Deployment SitesSource: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National TransportationAtlas Database, 2000; and military deployment sites information available at http://www.msrad.dot.gov/nprn/index.html, as of July 2000.especially against the aviation system during the 1970s and 1980s. The visibility of aviationoperations as symbols of national pride, the high loss of life that results from such incidents,and instantaneous worldwide media coverage makes aviation systems a favorite target ofterrorists. The complex nature of protecting aviation from such attacks is discussed in theThreats to Aviation Security section of this chapter. The following section, Threats to InfrastructureSecurity, provides a discussion of all other transportation modes.Threats to Infrastructure SecurityTo respond effectively, transportation security officials strive to identify threats and determinethe vulnerability of transportation systems and to deter attacks through effective securityenhancements.The number of international terrorism incidents peaked in the mid-1980s (figure 7-4), led by ashift in terrorist tactics from hijackings to vehicle bombings, assassinations, and kidnappingsin the Middle East, Europe, and Latin America.During the mid-1980s, terrorism continued to pose a worldwide threat, and the U.S. governmentupgraded its antiterrorist organizations and resources. Although worldwide terroristattacks declined during the 1990s, the number of casualties remained high. Locations of theattacks showed some marked trends (figures 7-5 and 7-6), which reveals that North Americahad the fewest terrorist attacks during this period.By the early 1990s, terrorist threats and incidents shifted to transportation targets. Tokyosubway passengers were poisoned by a release of sarin nerve gas, allegedly by a religious cult;and there were violent attacks against transit passengers, vehicles, and systems in severalparts of the world.7-7
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Box 5-2Access to Transportation for
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Figure 5-12Mode of Transportation b
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Figure 5-16Long-Distance Trip Makin
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Figure 5-18Estimated Percentage of
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transportation’s share of U.S. pe
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Figure 5-21Changes in the Energy In
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loss to the U.S. economy is equal t
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States’ gas hydrate resources alo
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Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Despite dramatic reductions in air
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Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
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cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Because transportation greenhouse g
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Other fuels show less promise at th
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The advent of increased environment
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eduction programs will be highly su
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A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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and if we remain vigilant, we could
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Invasive Species: Transportation in
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Box 5-11Clinton-Gore Livable Commun
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Page 277: _____. 2000a. National Air Quality
Page 281 and 282: chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
Page 283 and 284: U.S. and Allied forces with accurat
Page 285 and 286: the base station to monitor the ent
Page 287 and 288: The roots of ITS predate the establ
Page 289 and 290: Figure 6-36-16Projected The Largest
Page 291 and 292: Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
Page 293 and 294: payment systems becomeintegrated wi
Page 295 and 296: Collision Avoidance and Warning Sys
Page 297 and 298: Computer dispatched paratransit veh
Page 299 and 300: Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
Page 301 and 302: Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
Page 303 and 304: Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
Page 305 and 306: military, and general aviation) to
Page 307 and 308: (“independent”) radars and seco
Page 309 and 310: USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
Page 311 and 312: national deployment and as users eq
Page 313 and 314: Airport complexes (Reagan National,
Page 315 and 316: The methods used to gather and dist
Page 317 and 318: commodities, but intelligent contro
Page 319: chapter 7National Security“In the
Page 322 and 323: The nation’s ability to meet the
Page 324 and 325: Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
Page 328 and 329: Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
Page 330 and 331: Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
Page 332 and 333: These acts of piracy accounted for
Page 334 and 335: Keys to the FutureTerrorism is a gr
Page 336 and 337: Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
Page 338 and 339: threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
Page 340 and 341: Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
Page 342 and 343: Latin America and the Carribean Bas
Page 344 and 345: ______. 1999. America’s Merchant
Page 346 and 347: Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
Page 348 and 349: Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
Page 351 and 352: appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
Page 353 and 354: LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
Page 355 and 356: appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
Page 357 and 358: Commuter air carrier: A small certi
Page 359 and 360: Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
Page 361 and 362: Loran: An electronic navigational s
Page 363 and 364: Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
Page 365: Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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