TRANSPORTATION - BTS - Bureau of Transportation Statistics

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Box 6-1Free FlightPilots today pick from a very limited set of routes and altitudes. But, with GPS navigation, a pilot isallowed Free Flight—the ability to select the safest and most fuel-efficient route. Through continuoustracking of a plane’s position in relation to that of other planes, a Free Flight path can bechanged manually or by computer to avoid extreme weather conditions or the possibility of collisionwith terrain or other aircraft. Tests have been conducted in the United States and over the centralPacific, and the results have been encouraging. Free Flight should be used by a significant portionof the world’s airlines by 2010. Benefits of Free Flight include shorter flight times, cost savings,safer flights, lower energy use, and less pollution.Sources: Trimble Navigation Limited, All About GPS, available at http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.htm, as of Aug.18, 2000; U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Free Flight, available at http://www.faa.gov/freeflight/ff-OV.htm, as of Aug. 10, 2000.Box 6-2Galileo—The European ‘Satellite Navigation Initiative’Galileo is an initiative of the European Union, in collaboration with the European SpaceAgency and the private sector, to provide a European civilian-controlled satellite navigation system.As of today, it is still in the planning stage with system design and development to be initiated onJanuary 1, 2001, and deployment to be completed by the end of 2008. Galileo provides aEuropean alternative to GPS and will seek to achieve interoperability with GPS for the benefit of theuser community.Galileo will operate on three levels. The global component will provide basic positioning services ofthe Galileo system worldwide. A regional component will fulfill a higher performance requirementon a regional basis especially on a European geographic level. The local component aims toincrease the accuracy and integrity of the service over local areas, such as airports or harbors.The primary means for this is a local differential station, located in a fixed and well-knownposition, which can then calculate the local errors in the Galileo signals and broadcast theassociated corrections to the users.Source: Galileo Definition Phase Initial Results, available at www.galileo-pgm.org as of October 5, 2000.This modernization should provide civilian and commercial users with both the accuracy ofDGPS and worldwide coverage. The availability of multiple signals will make the modernizedGPS more resistant to atmospheric interference. By 2015, civilian use of GPS is projectedto achieve a positioning accuracy to within 15 feet, anywhere in the world [USDOT 2000].Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS represents the application of advanced technologies involvinginformation processing, electronics and communication, and managementstrategies to improve our transportation system. Benefitsassociated with ITS include improved safety, increased systemcapacity, reduced travel times, and improved productivity. In short,ITS is using technology to make travel smarter.ITS technologies can be divided into four functional areas—Metropolitan ITS, Rural ITS, Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI), andCommercial Vehicles Operations (CVO). Each of these functionalareas has a set of interlinked systems, which are discussed in thissection.“I want 75 of our largestmetropolitan areas with acomplete Intelligent TransportationInfrastructure in10 years. And let us makea similar commitment toupgrading technology in450 other communities, ourrural roads, andInterstates, as the needwarrants.”Federico PeñaFormer Secretary of TransportationTransportation Research BoardJan. 10, 19966-6
The roots of ITS predate the establishment of a formal program by several decades. Theworld’s first centralized traffic signal control system was installed in Toronto, Canada, in1963. The first metered ramp was installed in Chicago on the Eisenhower Expressway in1963. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted research on an ElectronicRoute Guidance System (ERGS) in the late 1960s. These early efforts, however, were isolatedand costly; although some, such as ERGS, were ahead of the times.ITS in its current form emerged only in the late 1980s. Its growth and development wereencouraged by several factors:The revolution in electronics and information technology generated dramaticperformance/cost improvements in computer, sensor, and communications technologies.Concerns over traffic congestion, traffic safety, and air quality were growing.There was an increasing realization that new construction alone would not solve theseproblems.There was growing concern thatEuropean and Japanese ITS initiativeswould reduce the competitiveness ofthe U.S. transportation industry.The most significant incentives in ITSdevelopment came from three sources: anad hoc public-private-academicpartnership called Mobility 2000, anindependent study by the NationalAcademy of Sciences, and a congressionallyrequested USDOT study. Therecommendations of these groupsresulted in the passage of the IntelligentVehicle Highway System (IVHS) Act in1991. The act called for a “nationalsystem of travel support technology,smoothly coordinated among modes andjurisdictions to promote safe, expeditious,Charlie Westerman/ChicagoIn-vehicle navigation devices (most commonly found in rentaland luxury cars) provide drivers with navigational assistancewhile en route to their destinationand economical movement of goods and people.” The federal focus was placed on research,development, and operational testing of ITS technologies and standards (box 6-3).The Transportation Efficiency Act for the 21 st Century (TEA-21), which President Clintonsigned into law in 1998, recognized the maturity of many ITS-related technologies andbroadened federal focus to place an equal importance on deployment. Similarly, state andlocal governments, as well as private industry, had begun deploying ITS.Box 6-3Standards DevelopmentThe USDOT-led creation of a national ITS architecture and the drafting of related standards areintended to lead to the development of open, interchangeable systems and components. Thiscommon architecture serves as a framework for regional ITS planning throughout the UnitedStates, and it has become a model for similar architecture development efforts now underway inCanada, the European Union, and Japan.The growth in deployment is demonstrated through federal spending on ITS infrastructure,which totaled $1.3 billion from FY 1991 to FY 1997 [USGAO 1997]. These funds were6-7
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THE CHANGING FACE OF
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All material contained in this repo
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsChapter 1—Vision
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Chapter 6—Technology ............
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change. Secretary Slater challenged
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A Chronology of Vision and Vigilanc
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January 1999New Rule Revising USDOT
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Table 1-1Forecasts Past and Future1
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Technology has played a critical ro
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Today, highway vehicle-miles travel
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conventional classroom with the adv
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than predicted. The large differenc
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In 1975, the nation saw nearly 50,0
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FAA and NASA: Working Together on A
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traffic and more time with families
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operations, maintenance, and mannin
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EnergyIn 1975, the United States co
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General Motors has manufacturing fa
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immigration and drug smuggling by s
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This report is organized around six
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chapter 2Growth, Deregulation,and I
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Figure 2-2Economic Growth in the Un
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Growth of the Transportation System
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Figure 2-6Vehicle-Miles Traveled on
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Box 2-1ISTEA/TEA-21The Intermodal S
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Box 2-3TelecommutingEmerging techno
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Figure 2-11Urban Rail Systems in th
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Figure 2-12Transit Ridership: 1975-
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the Gulf Coast Corridor, New York
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Air Traffic Performance-Based Organ
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Figure 2-17U.S. Domestic and Intern
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Box 2-6Higher Profits for U.S. Airl
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Figure 2-21Regional/Commuter Passen
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Figure 2-24Fixed-Wing Piston Aircra
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The FAA, in cooperationwith NASA, i
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LaunchesIn 1999, narrow-body aircra
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Millions of short tonsFigure 2-34U.
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Table 2-1U.S. Oceangoing Merchant M
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Figure 2-39Top 25 U.S. Container Po
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Figure 2-41U.S. Total Waterborne Co
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Significant deregulation legislatio
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the curtailed service in rural area
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Figure 2-45Railroad Network Showing
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direct flights to destinations and
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Figure 2-47International and Domest
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asis between shippers and carriers.
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Figure 2-48Total Ton-Miles of Freig
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Japan and Korea are still our major
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This shift from a “push” to a
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We may have to consider workforce-r
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Logistics Management and Distributi
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chapter 3Safety“ There is need fo
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Figure 3-1Total Fatalities in All M
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7. do a better job of data collecti
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The USDOT human factors research in
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Figure 3-4Total Traffic Fatalities:
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Vehicle Rollover and Size Compatibi
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Box 3-2Pedestrian and Bicycle Trips
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Figure 3-9Alcohol-Related Traffic F
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Under TEA-21, some portion of feder
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Child Restraints: Standards for chi
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Demographic Characteristics (age)In
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Figure 3-18Crash Rate per 100,000 L
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Road CharacteristicsSafer Roads: Si
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Together, these systems provide an
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Automation of enforcement efforts
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By the mid-1980s, with deregulation
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Transit SafetyIn 1975, transit, lik
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Figure 3-28Total Train Incidents: 1
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Figure 3-31Rail-Related Fatality Ra
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Figure 3-34Number of Highway-Rail G
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Figure 3-35Fatal Commercial Air Tra
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In the early 1970s, the aviation in
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The program was enhanced by an agre
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Box 3-10 continued2,000 older, larg
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Figure 3-41Recreational Boating Acc
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systems for steering andmachinery m
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In addition to search and rescue ac
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communities with access to the info
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are growing. Smart pigs will be inc
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Regulations are issued by the USDOT
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Keys to the FutureA number of curre
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References23 CFR Part 1313. U.S. De
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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_____. 2000c. Office of Investigati
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GlobalizationIn the last quarter-ce
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The Phenomenon of GlobalizationDuri
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Figure 4-4Foreign Direct Investment
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Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America,
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Table 4-4“Domestic” Vehicles Bu
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Table 4-5Top Selling Cars and Truck
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The European Union (EU) achieved fu
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Figure 4-6Open Skies Agreements wit
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Figure 4-8Foreign Residents Visitin
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The record growth of world travel h
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Figure 4-11Hull Loss Accident Rates
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integrated air and truck service. A
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traffic, will likely result in the
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Figure 4-18World Shipping Deliverie
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The world merchant fleet in 1975 co
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By 2025, U.S. ports must be prepare
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Figure 4-26Merchandise Exports to C
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through Laredo, Texas, increased 24
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approved for partnerships that woul
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Japan Automobile Manufacturers Asso
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U.S. Department of Transportation (
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chapter 5People, Energy, andthe Env
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Table 5-1Population and Passenger T
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carpools are now really family acti
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Figure 5-5Household Vehicle Ownersh
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Figure 5-8Commuting Flow: 1960-9045
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Page 251 and 252: Box 5-4Environmental JusticeCommuni
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Page 255 and 256: Figure 5-27Particulate Emissions: 1
Page 257 and 258: cleaner industrial and electrical g
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Page 267 and 268: A 1980s study estimated that 37 per
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Page 281 and 282: chapter 6TechnologyDramatic develop
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Page 291 and 292: Figure 6-4Deployment of Traffic Sig
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Page 297 and 298: Computer dispatched paratransit veh
Page 299 and 300: Box 6-5Types of High-Speed Ground T
Page 301 and 302: Figure 6-16 6-10Projected Growth in
Page 303 and 304: Box 6-6 continuedIntelligent Railro
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Page 309 and 310: USDOT, FAAUsing the Enhanced Traffi
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Page 315 and 316: The methods used to gather and dist
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Page 322 and 323: The nation’s ability to meet the
Page 324 and 325: Figure 7-1National Defense Reserve
Page 326 and 327: The Strategic Highway Network (STRA
Page 328 and 329: Figure 7-4Worldwide International T
Page 330 and 331: Figure 7-9Terrorist Attacks Against
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Box 7-2Aviation Security TrainingPr
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threat in the mid-1970s—the gover
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Threats to Maritime SecurityOur Nat
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Latin America and the Carribean Bas
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______. 1999. America’s Merchant
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Figure 2-41 U.S. Total Waterborne C
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Figure 5-1 Dependence Ratio: 1950-2
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appendix BAcronyms and Initialisms3
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LCDLEOLNGLPGLTLLTVsMaglevMARADMERCO
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appendix CGlossaryAir control facil
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Commuter air carrier: A small certi
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Geostationary orbit: Any orbit at a
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Loran: An electronic navigational s
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Seat-miles: The aircraft-miles flow
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Vessel feeder services: Cargo to/fr
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