BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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INFORMATION WARFARE sufficient . Hence, the logic of the model suggests that Churchill directed an offensive information warfare campaign . The Logic of the Model The question posed is whether Prime Minister Churchill would, or could, have selectively chosen to chance using the Enigma (the machine used by the Germans to encipher high-grade wireless traifici°) to encipher notional messages and intrude on German wireless radio nets to misinform the Germans on Allied intentions or otherwise disrupt German military operations . Churchill's concern for the security of the Enigma, and the knowledge that it was being used by the Allies, was considerable, as will be shown later . The risk of compromising Allied use of the Enigma was colossal, affecting many lives and the potential outcome of many battles . On the other hand, successful deception could be equally effective . For Churchill to have taken this step would have been boldness from "sheer necessity" in the strictest Clausewitian terms . 11 The risk in not doing so would have to have been greater than the risk in doing so . The logic of the model is that if Churchill directed that messages encrypted using Enigma be transmitted, he would only have done so out of necessitywhen Britain was in dire straits. "Deception is as old as war itself." 12 Although this statement is from WWII, it was clearly not a revelation of fact . Sun Tzu included deception as one of his tenets of warfare when he said, "All warfare is based on deception ." 13 The modern complexities of war and the ensuing technological advancements enhance the means through which deception can be employed, and WWII was no exception . The use of deception during WWII has been widely publicized . At least one book, The Man Who Never Was, was published and a movie by the same title was made about a single event. 14 Deception and its implementation occur in both the strategic and tactical spheres . The example documented above was strategic in its support of the Normandy invasion . Tactical deception at that time was thought to fall under three headings, visual, aural (or sonic), and radio . 15 While aural deception might 175
BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE apply in limited fashion to specific engagements, it is logical that visual and radio deception could be used for broader objectives at both the strategic and operational levels . It is not surprising that most information concerning deception activities remained classified for many years after the war and is only now coming to the attention of the public . It appears that most, if not all, of the information concerning tactical deception has been declassified . This is not the case with another stratagem used against the Germans, that of intercepting radio communications and using the Enigma machine to decipher the message transmissions . While previously classified documents concerning Ultra are now largely available to the public, a review of the primary sources reveals that many still contain blank pages that are marked "not releasable" while others contain portions that have been blanked out with no explanation . Thus, even though we know much more today than we did 15 years ago about these activities, public access remains unavailable for much of it . These continuing restrictions may well be the result of comments made on 15 April 1943 by Col Alfred McCormack in a memorandum to Col Carter W. Clarke . McCormack, then "Mr McCormack," had earlier been appointed as special assistant to the secretary of war to study the uses of Ultra and establish procedures for making the best use of this source . At the time of the memorandum, McCormack was deputy chief of the Special Branch and worked for its chief, Colonel Clarke . The purpose of the Special Branch was to handle signals intelligence . McCormack's memorandum consists of 54 pages on the origin, functions, and problems of the Special Branch, Military Intelligence Service (MIS) . In this memorandum, McCormack describes, in his view, Ultra security requirements as follows : One lapse of security is all that is necessary to dry up a radio intercept source. Therefore, both on the officer level and below, only persons of the greatest good sense and discretion should be employed on this work. This consideration is basic since intercept information involves a different kind of secrecy than does most other classified information. It will make no difference a year from now how much the enemy knows about our present troop dispositions, about the whereabouts of our naval forces or about other similar facts that now are clearly guarded secrets . But it will make a lot of difference one year from now-and possibly many years from 176
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE 21st Cent
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To Keegie (eSchneider) who so fully
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Battlefield of the Future 21st Cent
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Acknowledgments We, the editors, wi
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Introduction This is a book about s
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the outset of a conflict. This will
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Chapter 1 Principles of War for the
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR by the proliferat
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR should not be eng
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Some would argue
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR designed to fight
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR presenting the en
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Col John Warden,
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR allied forces in
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The enemy WMD thr
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR military operatio
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR politically in Ir
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Moreover, as Sadd
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The Principle of
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Until the NASTI r
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR S - Simultaneity
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR effective logisti
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR organizations, el
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Notes 1 . Rogue s
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR attempted to fost
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Overview : New Era Warfare? A Revol
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NEW ERAWARFARE? Patriot, which was
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Chapter 2 New-Era Warfare Gen Charl
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NEW-ERA WARFARE many nations that a
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NEW-ERAWARFARE brilliant decision o
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NEW-ERAWARFARE The United States ca
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NEW-ERA WARFARE Terminal-phase Inte
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NEW-ERAWARFARE have to fight for th
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NEW-ERAWARFARE might retaliate with
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NEW-ERAWARFARE Our nuclear-weapons
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NEW-ERAWARFARE to our disadvantage,
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Chapter 3 The Revolution in Militar
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THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS
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Overview : Future Airpower and Stra
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FUTURE AIRPOWER AND STRATEGY ISSUES
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Chapter 4 Air Theory for the Twenty
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AIRTHEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIRTHEORY FORTHETWENTY-FIRST CENTUR
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AIRTHEORY FOR THETWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIR THEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENT
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AIR THEORY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CEN
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Page 212 and 213: BIOLOGICAL WARFARE ISSUES airliners
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THE BIOLOGICALWEAPON 43 . "Biologic
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Chapter 9 Twenty-First Century Germ
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE u
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYGERM WARFARE fo
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'TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE the grisl
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE pursue BW
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE c
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE i
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE b
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYGERM WARFARE ma
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE N
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Chapter 10 Biological Weapons for W
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FORWAGING ECONOM
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FOR WAGING ECONO
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FOR WAGING ECONO
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Chapter 11 On Twenty-first Century
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warfare, space war, precision warfa
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example, where the United States as
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5,500 more . This group also had be
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About the Contributors James Blackw
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College . A retired US Navy command
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finishing a book on "Counterprolife
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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