BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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INFORMATION WARFARE now-whether the enemy has learned that in April 1942 we were reading his most secret codes . Not present secrecy, not merely secrecy until the battle is over, but permanent secrecy of this operation is what we should strive for. is This secrecy was maintained throughout the war . Only carefully selected individuals in Washington and in the field had access to the information produced through these intercepts . The procedures for use by field commanders and their personnel, including controls established to protect the information and its source were laid out in a letter to General Eisenhower from General Marshall on 15 March 1944 . 17 These procedures lasted at least through the end of the war . The Origin of Ultra Ultra's origin begins with the delivery of a German Enigma machine to the British by Polish dissidents . The history and acquisition of the Enigma machine are quite lengthy and complex . It is sufficient here to reflect that the Poles had established a successful cryptanalytic effort against the Germans by the early 1930s, having begun their efforts in the early 1920s . 18 Using their own copy of the Enigma, they achieved their first successful break in reading Enigma ciphers in December 1932 and January 1933 . 19 Between 1933 and 1939, successful reading of Enigma traffic was purely a Polish achievement .2° Once the Enigma fell into British hands, however, they took the lead and used it successfully throughout the war. Enter Winston Churchill Winston Churchill had a profound interest in the Ultra traffic produced from Enigma and required that all important decrypts be provided to him .21 His interest in codebreaking is documented as early as November 1924 when, as the chancellor of the exchequer, he requested access to intercepts .22 In his request, he stated, "I have studied this information over a long period and more attentively than probably any other Minister has done . . . I attach more importance to them as a means of forming a true judgment of public policy in these spheres than to any other source of knowledge at the disposal of the State ."23 177
BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE Then in September 1940, after only four months as the prime minister, he directed he be provided "daily all Enigma messages . -24 When this traffic became overwhelming in volume, he backed off to receiving several dozen messages a day . 25 During a visit to Bletchley Park, the headquarters for the British cryptanalytic organization, he spoke to a crowd of the station managers and referred to them as "the geese that laid the golden eggs and never cackled . "26 After the war, Churchill reiterated his faith in Ultra, describing it as his "secret weapon" 27 and stating his belief that "it had saved England . "28 Churchill's concern for security of Ultra was paramount . He directed that no action be taken in response to Ultra intercepts unless cover could be provided,29 and he, in fact, repeatedly allowed naval convoys to come under U-boat attack rather than risk compromising Ultra security .3 o Churchill was also directly involved in the conduct of deception operations . He established the London Controlling Section (LCS) in his headquarters specifically to plan those stratagems necessary "to deceive Hitler and the German General Staff about Allied operations in the war against the Third Reich ."31 Not only did Churchill establish the LCS but he also personally conceived the idea for this organization after a series of successful uses of deception in the Libyan desert led to the defeat of Italian forces . In one of those instances, a small British force of 36,000 men defeated an Italian force of 310,000 using deceptive measures . Realizing he was outnumbered and about to be overrun, the British commander used inflatable rubber tanks, field guns, two-ton trucks, and prime movers to present the image of a larger force . He employed crowds of Arabs with camels and horses to drag harrow-like equipment to stir up dust storms, and he used antiaircraft artillery to keep the Italian reconnaissance aircraft high-precluding them from sorting out the actual order of battle on the ground . The Italians perceived a force on their right flank much larger than theirs and tried to run . Using only two divisions, the British captured 130,000 prisoners, 400 tanks, and 1,290 guns . Their losses were minimal for the magnitude of the conflict500 killed in action, 1,400 wounded, and 55 missing in action . 32 This impressive event rocked London and gave credence to further development of this capability . This action, and others similar to 178
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE 21st Cent
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To Keegie (eSchneider) who so fully
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Battlefield of the Future 21st Cent
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Acknowledgments We, the editors, wi
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Introduction This is a book about s
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the outset of a conflict. This will
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Chapter 1 Principles of War for the
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR by the proliferat
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR should not be eng
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Some would argue
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR designed to fight
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR presenting the en
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Col John Warden,
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR allied forces in
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The enemy WMD thr
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR military operatio
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR politically in Ir
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Moreover, as Sadd
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The Principle of
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Until the NASTI r
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR S - Simultaneity
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR effective logisti
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR organizations, el
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Notes 1 . Rogue s
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR attempted to fost
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Overview : New Era Warfare? A Revol
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NEW ERAWARFARE? Patriot, which was
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Chapter 2 New-Era Warfare Gen Charl
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NEW-ERA WARFARE many nations that a
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NEW-ERAWARFARE brilliant decision o
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NEW-ERAWARFARE The United States ca
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NEW-ERA WARFARE Terminal-phase Inte
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NEW-ERAWARFARE have to fight for th
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NEW-ERAWARFARE might retaliate with
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NEW-ERAWARFARE Our nuclear-weapons
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NEW-ERAWARFARE to our disadvantage,
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Chapter 3 The Revolution in Militar
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THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS
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Overview : Future Airpower and Stra
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FUTURE AIRPOWER AND STRATEGY ISSUES
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Chapter 4 Air Theory for the Twenty
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AIRTHEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIRTHEORY FORTHETWENTY-FIRST CENTUR
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AIRTHEORY FOR THETWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIR THEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENT
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AIR THEORY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CEN
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Chapter 5 Parallel War and Hyperwar
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Chapter 9 Twenty-First Century Germ
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE u
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYGERM WARFARE fo
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'TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE the grisl
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE pursue BW
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE c
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE b
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYGERM WARFARE ma
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TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY GERM WARFARE N
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Chapter 10 Biological Weapons for W
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FORWAGING ECONOM
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FOR WAGING ECONO
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FOR WAGING ECONO
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Chapter 11 On Twenty-first Century
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warfare, space war, precision warfa
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example, where the United States as
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5,500 more . This group also had be
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About the Contributors James Blackw
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College . A retired US Navy command
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finishing a book on "Counterprolife
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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