BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FORWAGING ECONOMIC WARFARE imports . Despite efforts to settle differences on issues of market access, internal supports, and export competition, agreement on many items was not reached . Biotechnology Part of the economic revolution in the world today is the explosion of biotechnology . Biotechnology has been a significant reason why agricultural systems are much more productive . As alluded to earlier, the development of higher-yield crops results partly from genetic recombinant engineering, which takes genes coded for greater productivity and resistance to disease and drought and inserts them into a particular species of crop . Besides enhancing the productivity and heartiness of food or cash crops, methods of biological control are increasingly relied upon to provide an environment-friendly means of controlling economically significant pests and diseases . Bacillus thuringiensis (B .t .) . is a well-known example of a naturally occurring sporulated bacteria which effectively controls caterpillars, particularly tomato worms . A variant of BA ., called B .t. israelensis or B .t .i., has shown its effectiveness in controlling malaria-bearing mosquitoes and blackflies which carry the parasite that causes river blindness .9 Efforts are now under way to insert the gene from B .t . into such plants as cotton . Initial research indicates that this procedure enables cotton plants to resist the boll weevil (anthonomus grandis) . This particular pest caused an estimated $50-billion loss in US cotton revenues from 1909 to 1949 . 10 In California's Imperial Valley the pink bollworm caterpillar has caused the amount of land planted with cotton to drop from 140,000 acres to only 7,000 during the past 17 years." Today US cotton farmers spend $500 million on pesticides . Nature of the Biological Warfare Threat Harmful bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, or toxins that incapacitate or kill humans, animals, or plants have an unsettling value in 253
BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE waging economic warfare . In 1925 Winston Churchill envisioned a context for BW when he wrote about "pestilences methodically prepared and deliberately launched upon man and beast . . . Blight to destroy crops, Anthrax to slay horses and cattle . . . ." 12 This discussion narrows the definition of BW to consider only its utility against such economic targets as animals and plants . Historical Context and Evolution Investigators have argued that German agents intentionally infected horses and cattle with anthrax and glanders before they were shipped from the United States to Europe during World War 1 . 13 During World War II, the United States, fearful of perceived efforts by both Japan and Germany to develop BW, engaged in a large and ambitious retaliatory offensive and defensive BW research and development effort . While never fielding or using a BW weapon, they did develop several BW agents, including rinderpest, glanders, wheat rust, rye rust, and rice blast to use against animals and plants . Anecdotal reports suggest US officials had considered using rice blast agents to destroy Japan's rice crop during the closing months of the war to force its surrender . The realization that the United States would have to supply food to Japan once the war ended and the availability of the atomic bomb, dissuaded US officials from, pursuing this option . In 1972, an international treaty, the Biological Warfare Convention, specifically prohibited the research, development, production, or use of biological agents for offensive use . While 162 countries have signed this treaty, no verification means are available to ensure compliance . Reportedly, up to 20 nations are suspected of pursuing offensive BW capabilities . Significant on the list are Russia, China, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Israel, North Korea, and Taiwan . 14 No specific mention is made of any suspect nation seeking development of anti-animal/ anti-crop agents . Note that the United States during its offensive program first developed and fielded an anti-crop bomb . The United States discontinued its pursuit of several anti-agricultural agents in the mid-1950s since they lacked military utility . 254
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE 21st Cent
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To Keegie (eSchneider) who so fully
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Battlefield of the Future 21st Cent
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Acknowledgments We, the editors, wi
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Introduction This is a book about s
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the outset of a conflict. This will
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Chapter 1 Principles of War for the
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR by the proliferat
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR should not be eng
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Some would argue
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR designed to fight
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR presenting the en
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Col John Warden,
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR allied forces in
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The enemy WMD thr
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR military operatio
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR politically in Ir
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Moreover, as Sadd
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The Principle of
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Until the NASTI r
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR S - Simultaneity
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR effective logisti
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR organizations, el
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Notes 1 . Rogue s
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR attempted to fost
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Overview : New Era Warfare? A Revol
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NEW ERAWARFARE? Patriot, which was
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Chapter 2 New-Era Warfare Gen Charl
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NEW-ERA WARFARE many nations that a
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NEW-ERAWARFARE brilliant decision o
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NEW-ERAWARFARE The United States ca
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NEW-ERA WARFARE Terminal-phase Inte
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NEW-ERAWARFARE have to fight for th
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NEW-ERAWARFARE might retaliate with
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NEW-ERAWARFARE Our nuclear-weapons
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NEW-ERAWARFARE to our disadvantage,
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Chapter 3 The Revolution in Militar
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THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS
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Overview : Future Airpower and Stra
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FUTURE AIRPOWER AND STRATEGY ISSUES
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Chapter 4 Air Theory for the Twenty
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AIRTHEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIR THEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENT
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AIR THEORY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CEN
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Chapter 5 Parallel War and Hyperwar
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR In this ta
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PARALLEL WAR AND HYPERWAR due to th
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR albeit som
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR are essent
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR The realit
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR Airpower-A
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR Defeating
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR " When att
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR SIOP, it i
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PARALLEL WAR AND HYPERWAR 11 . "Inf
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR mass in sp
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Overview : Information Warfare Issu
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INFORMATION WARFARE ISSUES per day;
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Chapter 6 Information War - Cyberwa
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INFORMATION WAR - CYBERWAR - NEIWAR
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INFORMATIONWAR - CYBERWAR - NETWAR
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INFORMATION WAR - CYBERWAR - NETWAR
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Chapter 7 Information Warfare : Imp
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INFORMATION WARFARE exploiting our
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INFORMATION WARFARE sufficient . He
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INFORMATION WARFARE now-whether the
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INFORMATION WARFARE it, convinced C
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INFORMATION WARFARE Jr.45 Conceived
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INFORMATIONWARFARE deception nets,
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INFORMATIONWARFARE The Joint Commun
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INFORMATION WARFARE but a limited n
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INFORMATIONWARFARE adversary . We h
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INFORMATIONWARFARE example, to stov
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INFORMATIONWARFARE Interestingly, o
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INFORMATION WARFARE avenue to emplo
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INFORMATION WARFARE 21 . Ibid ., 16
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INFORMATION WARFARE 68 . Petersen,
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Overview: Biological Warfare Issues
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Page 276 and 277: Chapter 11 On Twenty-first Century
Page 278 and 279: warfare, space war, precision warfa
Page 280 and 281: example, where the United States as
Page 282 and 283: 5,500 more . This group also had be
Page 284 and 285: About the Contributors James Blackw
Page 286 and 287: College . A retired US Navy command
Page 288 and 289: finishing a book on "Counterprolife
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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