BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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THE BIOLOGICAL WEAPON Biological Warfare in the Cold War After World War II and during the Korean War, the focus, at least from the United States perspective, was on building a BW retaliatory capability. The US developed an anticrop bomb and delivered it to the Air Force in 1951 . It could have been used to attack North Korean rice fields, reducing a significant source of nutrition for the population . 15 North Korea accused the United States of using biological agents during the Korean War; the United States denied the accusation, and there was no substantive proof offered in the open literature . is Following the Korean War, the United States invigorated the biological warfare program in 1956 after Marshal Zhukov announced to the Soviet Congress that chemical and biological warfare weapons would be used as weapons of mass destruction in future wars . This was a dramatic shift in Soviet policy and the cold war philosophy. 17 The fundamental concept of United States biological warfare operations changed as a result. During the Korean War, the biological capability was maintained primarily for retaliation in the event an adversary employed a biological agent against United States or allied forces . The prevailing philosophy was that the threat of retaliation in kind would deter the use of these kinds of weapons . After the new Soviet pronouncement, the United States concept changed to employment upon executive order by the president of the United States . 18 Effectively, this mimicked the Soviet position, implying that the United States might use biological weapons in situations other than straightforward retaliation . This change in policy boosted the biological warfare research effort in the United States . The bulk of the research was conducted at Fort Detrick in Maryland . It was during this "boost phase" that United States vulnerability was clearly demonstrated with simulated covert biological warfare attacks on at least three cities subway systems . Surrogate biological agents were introduced into the air vents of the underground systems . Samples were then taken to determine how widespread the dissemination would be . The results demonstrated that large numbers of the populace would be exposed to infectious doses under such an attack . 19 This experiment supported a similar test that took 209
BATTLEFIELD OFTHE FUTURE place in 1950 when an aerosol cloud of a simulated biological agent was sprayed off the coast of San Francisco . The test results showed that nearly 100 percent of the population had inhaled potentially lethal doses .2° In 1969, President Nixon changed the United States policy on biological warfare . During a visit to Fort Detrick, he announced that the United States was terminating research on biological warfare and was unilaterally disarming any capability to conduct offensive biological warfare . By 1972, the United States biological weapons stockpile was completely destroyed. 21 This gesture by the United States was the catalyst for the world community to embrace the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) . A total of 118 countries (including the USSR and Iraq) signed up to abide by the BWC, which directs that the signatories will "never in any circumstances develop, produce, stockpile, or otherwise acquire or retain any biological weapons ."22 During this time, the Second Indochina War was raging . However, there is no clear evidence that biological warfare agents were used in this conflict . Agent Orange, a herbicide, was a chemical-based agent that saw wide use, but biological weapons per se were not used .23 While the United States biological warfare program was flourishing and even after our unilateral biological warfare disarmament, there is evidence that the Soviet program was thriving, although they had signed the BWC in 1972 . In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there were reports that the Soviets used biological weapons in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan. While widely reported as a program called "Yellow Rain," these allegations were never proven .24 In 1978, Georgi Markov, a popular writer and Bulgarian exile, was walking to the BBC in London where he broadcast to his homeland from Radio Free Europe . As he was walking, he suddenly felt a sharp pain in his leg . Turning around, he confronted a man picking up an umbrella . The man apologized and went on his way. Markov took ill that night and died several days later . The autopsy found a small metal pellet coated with ricin, a biological toxic substance derived from the castor oil plant . 25 210
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE 21st Cent
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To Keegie (eSchneider) who so fully
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Battlefield of the Future 21st Cent
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Acknowledgments We, the editors, wi
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Introduction This is a book about s
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the outset of a conflict. This will
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Chapter 1 Principles of War for the
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR by the proliferat
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR should not be eng
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Some would argue
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR designed to fight
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR presenting the en
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Col John Warden,
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR allied forces in
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The enemy WMD thr
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR military operatio
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR politically in Ir
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Moreover, as Sadd
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR The Principle of
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Until the NASTI r
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR S - Simultaneity
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR effective logisti
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR organizations, el
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR Notes 1 . Rogue s
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PRINCIPLES OF WAR attempted to fost
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Overview : New Era Warfare? A Revol
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NEW ERAWARFARE? Patriot, which was
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Chapter 2 New-Era Warfare Gen Charl
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NEW-ERA WARFARE many nations that a
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NEW-ERAWARFARE brilliant decision o
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NEW-ERAWARFARE The United States ca
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NEW-ERA WARFARE Terminal-phase Inte
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NEW-ERAWARFARE have to fight for th
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NEW-ERAWARFARE might retaliate with
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NEW-ERAWARFARE Our nuclear-weapons
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NEW-ERAWARFARE to our disadvantage,
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Chapter 3 The Revolution in Militar
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THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS
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Overview : Future Airpower and Stra
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FUTURE AIRPOWER AND STRATEGY ISSUES
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Chapter 4 Air Theory for the Twenty
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AIRTHEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIRTHEORY FOR THETWENTY-FIRST CENTU
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AIR THEORY FORTHE TWENTY-FIRST CENT
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AIR THEORY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CEN
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Chapter 5 Parallel War and Hyperwar
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR In this ta
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PARALLEL WAR AND HYPERWAR due to th
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR albeit som
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR are essent
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR The realit
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR Airpower-A
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR Defeating
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR " When att
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR SIOP, it i
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PARALLEL WAR AND HYPERWAR 11 . "Inf
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PARALLEL WARAND HYPERWAR mass in sp
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Overview : Information Warfare Issu
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INFORMATION WARFARE ISSUES per day;
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Chapter 6 Information War - Cyberwa
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INFORMATION WAR - CYBERWAR - NEIWAR
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INFORMATIONWAR - CYBERWAR - NETWAR
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FORWAGING ECONOM
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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FOR WAGING ECONO
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Chapter 11 On Twenty-first Century
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warfare, space war, precision warfa
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example, where the United States as
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5,500 more . This group also had be
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About the Contributors James Blackw
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College . A retired US Navy command
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finishing a book on "Counterprolife
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BATTLEFIELD OF THE FUTURE

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