The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Central Issues in the Political Development of the Virtual State 157 technologies even as they incur sunk costs and develop paths that may be difficult to change. The analytical framework presents a dynamic process rather than a predictive theory. An extension of the model, presented in the figure below, highlights the distinctive roles played by three groups: IT specialists in the career civil service, program and policy specialists and other government officials at all levels from executive to operational, and vendors and consultants. Figure 5.2 Key Actors in Technology Enactment Objective IT Organizational Forms Bureaucracy • Hierarchy • Jurisdiction • Standardization • Rules, files • Stability Networks • Trust v. exchange • Social capital • Interoperability • Pooled resources • Access to knowledge Institutional Arrangements • Cognitive • Cultural • Socio-structural • Legal and formal Actors Group A • Vendors • Consultants Actors Group B • CIO • Decison makers of IT systems Enacted Technologies • Perceptions • Design • Implementation • Use Actors Group C • Policy makers • Managers, Adminiatrators • Operators, Workers Outcomes • Indeterminate • Multiple • Unanticipated • Influenced by rational, social, and political logics • May be suboptimal Copyright: Jane Fountain and Brookings Institution Press, 2001. Revisions by Hirokazu Okumura, 2004.
158 The Network Society The three groups of actors play distinctive but inter-related roles in technology enactment. Actors in group A, comprised of vendors and consultants, are largely responsible for objective technology. Their expertise often lies in identification of the appropriate functionality and system architecture for a given organizational mission and set of business processes. What is critical for government is that vendors and consultants fully understand the political and governance obligations as well as the mission and tasks of a government agency before making procurement and design decisions. It is essential to understand the context and “industry” of government, just as one would have to learn the intricacies of any complex industry sector. Just as the information technology sector differs from the retail, manufacturing, and the service sectors, so the government sector exists in a unique environment. Within government as well are varying policy domains and branches whose history, political constraints, and environments are important to understand. Actors in group B, according to this model, include chief information officers of agencies and key IT decisionmakers. These government actors bear primary responsible for detailed decisions of system design. Actors in group C—policymakers, managers, administrators, operators, and workers—have a strong, often unappreciated and overlooked, influence on adjustments to organizational and network structures and processes. It is imperative that some members of this group develop expertise in the strategic uses of ICTs in order to bridge technological, political and programmatic logics. These depictions simplify the complexities of actual governments and the policymaking process. They are meant to draw attention to the multiple roles involved in enactment and the primary points of influence exerted through each role. In particular, the relationships between groups B and C are often neglected when, in fact, they are crucial for success of projects. Propositions Six propositions may be derived logically from the technology enactment framework and the political environment that exists in most industrialized democracies.
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The Network Society From Knowledge
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Castells, Manuel and Cardoso, Gusta
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iv The Network Society Part III: Or
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Figures Figure 2.1—Businesses usi
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Tables Table 2.1—Technological Ac
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Notes on Contributors Jorge Sampaio
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Notes on Contributors xiii and Inst
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Notes on Contributors xv Francois B
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Acknowledgements Although dealing w
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Editor’s Preface This volume expl
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Editor’s Preface xxi analysis of
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Editor’s Preface xxiii in a diffe
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Part I: The Network Society: From K
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4 The Network Society Often, the em
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6 The Network Society social change
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8 The Network Society Let us start
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20 The Network Society Dilemmas of
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Chapter 2 Societies in Transition t
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Societies in Transition to the Netw
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These models that can be given the
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Table 2.2b International comparison
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Table 2.3 Use of the Internet per c
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Table 2.9 International comparison
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Table 2.10 Position of the informat
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Information Technology and the Worl
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ut steadily for the region as a who
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input rose after 1995 from 0.72 per
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ution of IT investment after 1995 r
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Reports. We assume that IT capital
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Uses of Internet and Mobile Technol
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E-Learning and the Transformation o
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238 The Network Society This is the
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Introduction Chapter 9 The IP TV Re
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The IP TV Revolution 243 in every m
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Figure 9.2 Nevius Media Center Serv
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money. To understand this we must l
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Table 9.1 Downward Internet Streami
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Distributors In a new world media o
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Talent The IP TV Revolution 253 It
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The IP TV Revolution 255 in any way
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268 The Network Society Smith, A. (
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286 The Network Society this decent
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Free Software and Social and Econom
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A New Form of Production Free Softw
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the rich countries and those of the
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Internet and Society in a Global Pe
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The World Internet Project is based
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Internet Users Watch Less Televisio
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less. Would they watch the same amo
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tainment and the ways in which usag
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Part VI: Policies of Transition to
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342 The Network Society Figure 15.1
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370 The Network Society Castells, M
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Introduction Policies of Transition
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European countries embraced ICT lat
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Policies of Transition to the Netwo
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The first ‘i’ is for informatio
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Chapter 17 ICT as a Part of the Chi
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ICT as a Part of the Chilean Strate
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The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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