The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Table 2.2b International comparisons in the information technology domain Advanced Slovakia Hungary Greece Poland Chile Argentina Uruguay Brazil economies Infrastructure Machines connected to the Internet (per 10,000 inh.) 1 Societies in Transition to the Network Society 31 134.29 168.04 135.18 126.82 79.20 124.14 210.93 95.31 819.15 Mobile phone contracts (per 1,000 inh.) 2 544 676 845 363 428 178 193 201 740 Production High technology exports as a percentage of the total exports 2 3 25 10 3 3 7 3 19 21 Electronic commerce (secure servers per 100,000 inhabitants) 3 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,7 1,2 0,8 – 0,9 16,3 Growth rate for secure servers, 1 998-2001 (%) 1040 936 765 1830 678 1000 – 429 555 Ratio between hosts and secure servers (2001) 697 941 813 743 645 1604 – 1303 692 Knowledge Internet users (%) (2001) 4 – 46,21 25,87 38,68 34,8 14,9 34,5 9,9 53 Ratio of participation of the higher education student population in sciences (%)* 43 32 – – 43 30 24 23 25,0 Scientist and engineers in R&D (per thousand persons) 2 1774 1440 1473 419 684 276 323 2778 PISA Test—mathematical literacy 498 (19) 490 (22) 445 (32) 490 (22) – – 422 (34) 356 (38) 504 PISA Test—scientific literacy 495 (18) 503 (14) 481 (25) 498 (17) – – 438 (33) 390 (38) 510 *UNESCO definition for the indicator in question: “gross enrollment in tertiary education—total enrolment in tertiary education regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the five-year age group following the secondary-school leaving age.” Source: 1 Values for all countries taken from World Indicators, ITU, http://www.itu.int/itunews/issue/2002/04/table4.html; 2 Values for all countries take from the UNDP Human Development Report 2004; 3 Values obtained by Netcraft in December 2001: http://www.atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/Secure_servers_2002_S.pdf; 3 Host values taken from World Indicators, ITU http://www.itu.int/itunews/issue/2002/04/table4.html; 4 ESS Data 2003, WIP 2004 and http://www.internetworldstats.com/ stats2.htm ; 5 Adapted from Castells and Himanen, 2002, except for data for Portugal, taken from the UNDP Human Development Report
32 The Network Society The selective inclusion to which Castells (2003) refers when analyzing the space of flows is a perceptible reality in the case of the relation established between Catalonia and Spain or Lombardy and Italy (IMD 2004) or between the Greater Buenos Aires area and Argentina (Amadeo 2005). The more populous countries apparently seem to be incapable of effecting, or prefer not to effect, this transition to information and network societies for the whole of their territory and population, at least in this phase of history. The similarity between the countries listed above is confirmed by other international indices such as that of the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), the DAI (2003). Namely, because the DAI (Digital Access Index) establishes identification categories, such as: infrastructure (relating to telephone lines, mobile phone and Internet subscriptions), cost (Internet access and use prices in comparison to the national income); knowledge (literacy and inclusion in the education system); quality (international bandwidth and broadband subscribers) and utilization of the Internet. If we compare these categories in the leading countries (such as Finland, USA and Singapore) and the societies defined as transition societies, we see that it is not only the low levels of technology utilization in the latter that makes the difference. Indeed, in recent years we have come to understand that studies carried out by those involved in the technological processes themselves, such as the telecommunications operators, are beginning to accept that the communication infrastructure is not the only element that can explain the differences between countries and that income and education also play a very important role (ITU 2003). Only if we look at society in an integrated manner—taking into account the infrastructure, production and knowledge (Castells and Himanen, 2001)—can we identify the transition processes in progress in contemporary societies. The analysis of international comparisons in the technological domain reveals an apparently converging reality amongst the different societies analyzed here. They all present figures for machines connected to the Internet that are approximately one quarter of the average for the advanced economies and also one third of the high technology exports achieved by the advanced economies (with the exception of Poland, Uruguay and Argentina), presenting, finally,
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The Network Society From Knowledge
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Castells, Manuel and Cardoso, Gusta
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Page 8 and 9: Figures Figure 2.1—Businesses usi
Page 10 and 11: Tables Table 2.1—Technological Ac
Page 12 and 13: Notes on Contributors Jorge Sampaio
Page 14 and 15: Notes on Contributors xiii and Inst
Page 16 and 17: Notes on Contributors xv Francois B
Page 18 and 19: Acknowledgements Although dealing w
Page 20 and 21: Editor’s Preface This volume expl
Page 22 and 23: Editor’s Preface xxi analysis of
Page 24 and 25: Editor’s Preface xxiii in a diffe
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ut steadily for the region as a who
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Information Technology and the Worl
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input rose after 1995 from 0.72 per
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ution of IT investment after 1995 r
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Reports. We assume that IT capital
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North Africa and Middle-East (11 Ec
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Innovation, Technology and Producti
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joint knowledge production—a role
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sonnel, realization of the Barcelon
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5. Activating Innovation Innovation
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Uses of Internet and Mobile Technol
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Portuguese on line and making it re
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including those that deal with chro
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2002). This study demonstrates that
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Bibliography Uses of Internet and M
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E-Learning and the Transformation o
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Introduction Chapter 9 The IP TV Re
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The IP TV Revolution 243 in every m
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Figure 9.2 Nevius Media Center Serv
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money. To understand this we must l
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Table 9.1 Downward Internet Streami
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Distributors In a new world media o
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Free Software and Social and Econom
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A New Form of Production Free Softw
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the rich countries and those of the
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Internet and Society in a Global Pe
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The World Internet Project is based
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Internet Users Watch Less Televisio
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less. Would they watch the same amo
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tainment and the ways in which usag
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Part VI: Policies of Transition to
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Introduction Policies of Transition
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European countries embraced ICT lat
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Policies of Transition to the Netwo
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The first ‘i’ is for informatio
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Chapter 17 ICT as a Part of the Chi
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ICT as a Part of the Chilean Strate
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The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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