The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

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Societies in Transition to the Network Society 61 ment, newspaper readership (and membership of associations) is directly correlated to the education level of the citizens. As seen below (Table 3.22), education, much more than newspaper readership or watching TV news, is a central element in the civic engagement options made by the different citizens. Another indicator of an informational society is the relationship it has with its media, i.e. both the freedom of the media to report freely and give opinions and the relationship between the beneficiaries and producers of the information. Of all the societies in transition under analysis here, only Italy, Argentina and Brazil are classified as partially free in terms of the freedom of the press. In classifying the freedom of the press, factors such as the legal framework for journalism, political influence and economic pressures on the freedom of expression are taken into account. Between 2001 and 2003, Portugal improved its general score (going from 17 to 15), accompanying a trend similar to that of Finland, while the United Sates revealed an opposite trend (from 17 to 19) and Singapore continued to be classified as a country without freedom of the press. 6 Positive development, such as in the case of Portugal, may conceal that the final value is due to a positive assessment of the evolution of the legislation and regulation that may influence the contents of the media. However, this is offset by an increase in the economic pressures on news content. To quote the Press Freedom Survey, 2003, “Most media outlets are independent of the government; however, print and broadcast ownership is concentrated in the hands of four main media companies.” (Press Freedom Survey 2003). The comparison of models of social openness and citizenship carried out here, as well as the analysis of the social well-being, reveals much more clearly the differences than the data common to all the societies dealt with herein. 6 Identical positions emerge when one looks at the online presence analysis. Finland, Portugal and the USA are amongst the least restrictive of the media’s freedoms and Singapore is included in the moderately free (Press Freedom Survey 2001).
62 The Network Society Table 2.18 Relationship between watching TV news and reading newspapers, by education level/country (%) Lower Not completed Primary or secondary or Post primary first stage second stage Upper secondary, First stage Second stage Country education* of basic* of basic* secondary* non-tertiary* non-tertiary* of tertiary* Portugal Watches TV news 92.15 95.87 97.18 98.48 0 97.22 100 Reads newspapers 9.25 48.38 63.88 70.67 - 82.19 50 Austria Watches TV news 88.88 0 93.60 96.93 97.52 0 98.63 Reads newspapers 58.33 - 83.51 86.53 87.21 - 88.60 Belgium Watches TV news 71.42 93.75 90.18 93.06 96.49 0 96.22 Reads newspapers 35.71 54.86 56.62 62.93 60.68 - 68.42 Switzerland Watches TV news 93.33 - 92.13 95.40 96.82 95.38 100 Reads newspapers 94.11 - 83.87 90.88 91.30 89.47 90.47 Czech Republic Watches TV news 70 - 93.44 97.30 95.23 100 100 Reads newspapers 44.44 - 69.84 82.75 86.36 92.5 93.75 Germany Watches TV news 89.28 91.08 97.06 99.37 99.85 100 89.28 Reads newspapers 57.26 71.41 84.72 84.93 90.76 93.67 57.26 Denmark Watches TV news 100 100 93.87 98.5 100 98.59 100 Reads newspapers 100 80 68.31 77.22 79.59 83.09 100 Spain Watches TV news 82.35 92.46 88.88 92.07 91.78 96.07 100 Reads newspapers 24.88 43.26 45.58 67.40 69.19 80.49 89.47 Finland Watches TV news 100 96.10 98.70 98.60 - 98.98 100 Reads newspapers 87.5 92.40 92.59 91.83 - 95.04 100 France Watches TV news 90.66 91.15 92.77 97.43 96.24 96.65 96.14 Reads newspapers 57.14 66.66 58.27 67.21 62.43 55.53 69.48 UK Watches TV news 100 84.84 90.78 94.99 96.13 95.06 95.65 Reads newspapers - 21.21 74.53 78.58 78.53 77.80 71.42 Greece Watches TV news 100 84.84 90.78 94.99 96.13 95.06 95.65 Reads newspapers 6.14 22.97 38.00 42.69 52.23 62.93 80
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The Network Society From Knowledge
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Castells, Manuel and Cardoso, Gusta
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iv The Network Society Part III: Or
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Figures Figure 2.1—Businesses usi
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Tables Table 2.1—Technological Ac
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Notes on Contributors Jorge Sampaio
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Notes on Contributors xiii and Inst
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Notes on Contributors xv Francois B
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Acknowledgements Although dealing w
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Editor’s Preface This volume expl
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Editor’s Preface xxi analysis of
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Editor’s Preface xxiii in a diffe
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Part I: The Network Society: From K
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6 The Network Society social change
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joint knowledge production—a role
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sonnel, realization of the Barcelon
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Uses of Internet and Mobile Technol
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Portuguese on line and making it re
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including those that deal with chro
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2002). This study demonstrates that
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Bibliography Uses of Internet and M
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Introduction Chapter 9 The IP TV Re
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The IP TV Revolution 243 in every m
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Figure 9.2 Nevius Media Center Serv
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money. To understand this we must l
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Distributors In a new world media o
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Free Software and Social and Econom
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A New Form of Production Free Softw
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the rich countries and those of the
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Internet and Society in a Global Pe
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The World Internet Project is based
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Internet Users Watch Less Televisio
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less. Would they watch the same amo
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tainment and the ways in which usag
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Part VI: Policies of Transition to
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Introduction Policies of Transition
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European countries embraced ICT lat
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Policies of Transition to the Netwo
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The first ‘i’ is for informatio
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Chapter 17 ICT as a Part of the Chi
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ICT as a Part of the Chilean Strate
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