The Network Society - University of Massachusetts Amherst

50 The Network Society
Table 2.12 International comparison of citizenship indicators
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Finland USA Singapore Portugal Spain Italy Czech Rep. Slovakia Economies
Freedom of the 64 33
press (index 9 13 (not 14 19 (partially 23 21 17
0-100; 0 = free) 1
(free) (free) free) (free) (free) free) (free) (free) (free)
Gender equality
(0-1,000, 820 769 648 644 716 583 586 607
0 = unequal) 2
(4) (14) (20) (23) (15) (32) (30) (26) 661
80 90 – 29 29 40 60.5 65 53
Membership of at
least one
association (%) 3
56 35.5 – 12 35 31.5 24 15.5 31
Social trust (%) 7
Inmate population 71 714
(per 100,000 inh.) 4
(–157) (–1) 392 128 140 98 184 165 126
2.6 12.4 33.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 2.3 0.6 8.8
Foreigners or
persons born
abroad (% of
population) 5
Environment: CO2 emission (metric 19.8
tons per capita) 2
10.3 (-2) 14.7 5.9 5.3 6.6 11.6 6.6 10.4
Source: 1 Adapted from Castells and Himanen (2002), all data from the Press Freedom Survey 2004: http://www.freedomhouse.org/; 2 Adapted
from Castells and Himanen (2002), except data for Portugal, which are taken from the UNDP Human Development Report 2001; 3 Adapted from
Castells and Himanen (2002) and Norris, Pippa “Gender and Social Capital” 1999-2001 World Values Survey; 4 For all countries: International
Centre for Prison Studies, King’s College http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/highest_to_lowest_rates.php; 5 Adapted from Castells
and Himanen 2002, http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/ittmig2002/WEB_migration_wallchart.xls 3. Note: (*) relative position. Based on
Norris, Pippa “Gender and Social Capital” 1999-2001 World Values Survey (% of the population that responded that it generally trust others).