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Appendix 3 Irregular verbs in groups The p a st sim p le a n d p a st p a r t icip le are th e sa m e: The p a st sim p le a n d p a st p a r t icip le are differen t: cost - > cost cut —> cut hit hit hurt -> hurt let —> let put —> put shut —» shut break broke broken choose chose chosen speak —> spoke spoken steal stole stolen wake -> woke woken lend —> lent lose send -> sent shoot spend -> spent get build —> built light sit burn -> burnt learn —> learnt keep smell —> sm elt sleep feel —> felt leave —> left m eet m et dream —> dream t (d rem t)* mean m eant (m ent)* bring —> brought (b ro rt)* buy - » bought (b o rt )* fight —> fought (fo rt)* think —> thought (t h o rt )* catch —» caught (ko rt)* teach taught (t o rt)* sell —> sold tell —> told lost —> shot - > got -> lit —» sat kept slept drive —> drove driven ride - » rode ridden rise -> rose risen w rite w rote w ritten beat —> beat beaten bite —> bit bitten hide —> hid hidden eat —> ate eaten fall fell fallen forget forgot forgotten give -> gave given see saw seen take took taken blow —> blew blown grow - > grew grown know - > knew known thro w - > threw throw n fly —> flew flown draw drew draw n sho w - > showed shown find found have -> had hear - > heard hold -> held read -> read (red)* say -> said (sed)* begin —> began begun drink —> drank drunk swim —> swam swum ring - > rang rung sing - > sang sung pay m ake —> paid —> m ade run - > ran run stand und erstand —> stood —> understood co m e cam e com e beco m e —> becam e becom e * pronunciation
Appendix 4 Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc.) In spoken English we usually p ro no unce 'I am' as one word. The short form (I'm) is a way o f w riting this: I am —> I'm o it is —> it's o they have - 4 they've o etc. W hen we w rite sho rt form s, we u se ' (a n a p o st r o p h e): IX m —H 'm h e ^ - ^ h e 's you M ve —» yo u've she M il - 4 she'll am -> 'm I'm is - > 's he's she's it's are —> 're we're you're they're have —> 've I've we've you've they've has - > 's he's she's it's had 'd I'd he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd will - » 'II I'll he'll she'll we'll you'll they'll w o uld - > 'd I'd he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd O I've got som e new shoes. O W e'll probably go o ut this evening. O 's = is o r has: It's 10 o'clock. Yo u're late again. O She's going o ut this evening, (she's going = she is going) O She's gone out. (she's gone = she has gone) 'd = w ould o r had: O a : W h at w ould you like to eat? b: I'd like a salad please. (I'd like = I w ould like) O I told the police that I'd lost m y passport. (I'd lost = I had lost) Do not use 'm/ 's/ 'd etc. at the end o f a sentence (—» Unit 40): O 'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' (n o t Yes, I'm.) O She isn't tired, but he is. (n o t he's) c > W e use short form s w ith l/ you/ he/ she etc., but you can use short fo rm s (esp ecially's) w ith other word s too: O W ho's yo ur favourite singer? (= w ho is) O W hat's the tim e? (= w hat is) O There's a big tree in the garden. (= there is) O M y sister's working in London. (= m y sister is w o rking ) O Paul's gone out. (= Paul has gone o ut) O W hat colour's yo ur car? (= W h at co lo ur is yo ur car?) 246
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C a m b r i d g e Essentiat Grammar
Page 4 and 5:
Exercises W rite the short form (sh
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Exercises Find the right answers fo
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Exercises G> W hat are these people
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Exercises M ake questions from thes
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Exercises W rite these verbs with -
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Exercises W rite the negative. 1 I
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Exercises W rite questions with Do
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Exercises Does he take photographs?
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Exercises W rite these sentences wi
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Exercises W here were these people
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Exercises Com plete the sentences.
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-xeroses m Com plete these sentence
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Exercises Look at the pictures. W h
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Exercises Look at the pictures. Put
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Exercises f O Look at the pictures.
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Exercises W rite a sentence with ju
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Exercises You are asking Helen ques
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Exercises I Q ) Com plete these sen
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Exercises | W rite for or since. 1
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Exercises Q ) Com plete the answers
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Exercises j a m W rite sentences fr
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Exercises | W hat's happening? 0 ^
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Exercises W rite is/ are or do/ doe
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Exercises c m W rite the past sim p
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Exercises A N D REW RICH ARD RACH E
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Exercises Helen is travelling in Eu
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Exercises o n Com plete the sentenc
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Exercises W rite sentences with m i
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Exercises ^ jQ Q | Ask Steve if he
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Exercises W hat are the people in t
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Exercises Look at the pictures. W h
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Exercises Look at the pictures. Com
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Exercises Kentham is a small town.
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Exercises £ J H Look at the two pi
Page 80 and 81:
Exercises W rite about the weather
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Exercises Com plete these sentences
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Exercises U Q Answer with Do you? /
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Exercises ^ 2 0 1 Answer with So ..
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Exercises M ake these sentences neg
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Exercises Write questions. 1 I can
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Exercises M ake questions with w ho
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Exercises You want the missing info
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Exercises W rite questions with wha
Page 98 and 99:
Exercises Look at the pictures and
Page 100 and 101:
Exercises ( 2 1 Com plete the sente
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Exercises 6 D Read what these peopl
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Exercises Co m p let e the sentence
Page 106 and 107:
Exercises Put the verb in the right
Page 108 and 109:
Exercises W rite sentences beginnin
Page 110 and 111:
Exercises Q ) W rite sentences begi
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Exercises W rite to/ on/ for where
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Exercises Com plete these sentences
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Exercises W rite m ake/ m aking/ m
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Exercises W rite the correct form o
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Exercises Com plete the sentences w
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Exercises Com plete the sentences i
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Exercises Com plete the sentences w
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Exercises ^ jj | | Answer the quest
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Exercises t f s w i Com plete the s
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Exercises Look at the family tree.
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Exercises W rite a or an. 1 an old
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Exercises m W rite the plural. 1 fl
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Exercises W hat are these things? S
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Exercises W hat can you see in thes
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Exercises W rit e a/ an o r t h e.
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Exercises ^ Put in the where necess
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Exercises vm W here are these peopl
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Exercises W h at do yo u t h in k a
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Exercises Answer these geography qu
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Exercises { g g A asks B some quest
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Exercises W rit e so m e o r an y.
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Exercises W rit e these sentences a
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Exercises * 7 * 1 Write these sente
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Exercises W rite som ebody (or som
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Exercises | Co m p let e t he sente
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Exercises ^ Q Q | Com plete the sen
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Exercises g g g W rite both/ either
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Exercises W rite m uch or many. 1 D
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Exercises CD Answer the questions w
Page 172 and 173:
Exercises Put the words in the righ
Page 174 and 175:
Exercises H H Look at the pictures
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Exercises m m Look at the pictures
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Exercises g y W rite sentences abou
Page 180 and 181:
Exercises j a m Look at the picture
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Exercises m W rite sentences with c
Page 184 and 185:
Exercises f g | Look at the picture
Page 186 and 187: Exercises ^ jjg|jp Look at the pict
Page 188 and 189: Exercises jjf g i Right or wrong? C
Page 190 and 191: Exercises Read Paul's answers to th
Page 192 and 193: Exercises You meet Tina. The last t
Page 194 and 195: Exercises { g p M ark had some thin
Page 196 and 197: Exercises W rite sentences. Choose
Page 198 and 199: Exercises g l l W rite sentences be
Page 200 and 201: Exercises W rite sentences beginnin
Page 202 and 203: Exercises Co m p let e t he sentenc
Page 204 and 205: Exercises Choose from the boxes and
Page 206 and 207: Exercises M ake one sentence from t
Page 208 and 209: Exercises m m W rite at/ on/ in. .o
Page 210 and 211: Exercises P T if Read the informati
Page 212 and 213: Exercises Co m p let e t he sentenc
Page 214 and 215: Exercises 0 1m Look at the pictures
Page 216 and 217: Exercises Look at the pictures and
Page 218 and 219: Exercises W rit e t o o r in. 1 I l
Page 220 and 221: Exercises W here are the people in
Page 222 and 223: Exercises Som ebody asks you how to
Page 224 and 225: Exercises Com plete the sentences.
Page 230 and 231: Exercises it m Look at the pictures
Page 232: Exercises Look at the pictures. W h
Page 235: Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 5 Spelling W ords + -s and
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take off
Page 243 and 244: Additional exercises List o f exerc
Page 245 and 246: Additional exercises present simple
Page 247 and 248: Additional exercises was/ were and
Page 249 and 250: Additional exercises present and pa
Page 251 and 252: Additional exercises O Com plete th
Page 253 and 254: Additional exercises W rite sentenc
Page 255 and 256: Additional exercises Active or pass
Page 257 and 258: Addit ional exercises past, present
Page 259 and 260: Additional exercises U n it s 5 1 -
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