1

Negative sho rt form s (—> Unit 43):
isn't (= is no t) don't (= do no t) can't (= canno t)
aren't (= are no t) doesn't (= does no t) couldn't (= could no t)
w asn't (= was no t) didn't (= did no t) w on't (= will no t)
w eren't (= were no t) w ouldn't (= w o uld no t)
hasn't (= has no t) shouldn't (= sho uld no t)
haven't (= have no t) m ustn't (= m ust no t)
hadn't (= had no t)
O W e w ent to her house, but she wasn't at hom e.
O 'Where's David?' 'I don't know. I haven't seen him.'
O You w o rk all the tim e. You shouldn't w o rk so hard.
O I won't be here tom orrow. (= I will no t)
's (a p o st r o p h e + s)
's can m ean different things:
(1) 's = is o r has (—> section 4.2 o f this ap p end ix)
O It's raining. (= It is raining)
O It's stopped raining. (= It has stopped)
(2) let's = let us (—> Units 35, 53)
O It's a lovely day. Let's go o ut. (= Let us go o ut.)
(3) Kate's cam era = her cam era
m y brother's car = his car
the manager's office = his/ her office etc.
(—> Unit 64)
Com pare:
O Kate's cam era was very expensive. (Kate's cam era = her cam era)
□ Kate's a very good photographer. (Kate's = Kate is)
O Kate's got a new cam era. (Kate's got = Kate has got)