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Negative sho rt form s (—> Unit 43): isn't (= is no t) don't (= do no t) can't (= canno t) aren't (= are no t) doesn't (= does no t) couldn't (= could no t) w asn't (= was no t) didn't (= did no t) w on't (= will no t) w eren't (= were no t) w ouldn't (= w o uld no t) hasn't (= has no t) shouldn't (= sho uld no t) haven't (= have no t) m ustn't (= m ust no t) hadn't (= had no t) O W e w ent to her house, but she wasn't at hom e. O 'Where's David?' 'I don't know. I haven't seen him.' O You w o rk all the tim e. You shouldn't w o rk so hard. O I won't be here tom orrow. (= I will no t) 's (a p o st r o p h e + s) 's can m ean different things: (1) 's = is o r has (—> section 4.2 o f this ap p end ix) O It's raining. (= It is raining) O It's stopped raining. (= It has stopped) (2) let's = let us (—> Units 35, 53) O It's a lovely day. Let's go o ut. (= Let us go o ut.) (3) Kate's cam era = her cam era m y brother's car = his car the manager's office = his/ her office etc. (—> Unit 64) Com pare: O Kate's cam era was very expensive. (Kate's cam era = her cam era) □ Kate's a very good photographer. (Kate's = Kate is) O Kate's got a new cam era. (Kate's got = Kate has got)
Appendix 5 Spelling W ords + -s and -es (b ird s/ w atches et c) n ou n + s (p lural) (—> Unit 66) bird —> birds m istake —> m istakes hotel —» hotels verb + s (he/ she/ it -s) (- » Unit 5) think —» thinks live —> lives rem em b er —> rem em bers b u t + es after -s / -sh / -ch / - x bus —> buses pass —> passes dish —> dishes w ash —> washes w at ch —> w atches teach —> teaches box —> boxes address —> addresses finish —> finishes sand w ich —> sand w iches also potato —» p otatoes do —> does tom ato —> tom ato es go —> goes -f / -fe —» -ve s shelf —» shelves knife —> knives but ro o f —> roofs W ord s ending in - y (b ab y —> babies / stud y —» stud ied etc.) - y —> - ies stud y —» stud ies (not studys) fam ily —> fam ilies (not fam ilys) story —> stories city —» cities baby —> babies try —> t ries m arry —> m arries fly —> flies - y —> - ied (—> Unit 11) stud y —> stud ied (not studyed) try —> t ried m arry —» m arried co p y —> co p ied - y - ier/ - iest (- > Units 87, 90) easy —» easier/ easiest (not easyer/ easyest) happy —> hap p ier/ hap p iest heavy —> heavier/ heaviest lucky —> lu ckier/ lu ckiest funny —> fu n n ier/ fu n n iest - y —> - ily (—> Unit 86) easy> easily (not easyly) happy —» hap p ily heavy —> heavily lucky —> luckily y does not change to i if the ending is - ay/ - ey/ - o y/ - u y: ho lid ay —> ho lid ays (n o t holidaies) enjoy —> enjo ys/ enjo yed stay —> stays/ stayed b uy —» b uys key —> keys b u t say said p ay —> p aid (irreg u la r verbs) 248
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C a m b r i d g e Essentiat Grammar
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Exercises W rite the short form (sh
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Exercises Find the right answers fo
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Exercises G> W hat are these people
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Exercises M ake questions from thes
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Exercises W rite these verbs with -
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Exercises W rite the negative. 1 I
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Exercises W rite questions with Do
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Exercises Does he take photographs?
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Exercises W rite these sentences wi
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Exercises W here were these people
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Exercises Com plete the sentences.
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-xeroses m Com plete these sentence
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Exercises Look at the pictures. W h
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Exercises Look at the pictures. Put
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Exercises f O Look at the pictures.
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Exercises W rite a sentence with ju
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Exercises You are asking Helen ques
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Exercises I Q ) Com plete these sen
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Exercises | W rite for or since. 1
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Exercises Q ) Com plete the answers
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Exercises j a m W rite sentences fr
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Exercises | W hat's happening? 0 ^
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Exercises W rite is/ are or do/ doe
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Exercises c m W rite the past sim p
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Exercises A N D REW RICH ARD RACH E
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Exercises Helen is travelling in Eu
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Exercises o n Com plete the sentenc
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Exercises W rite sentences with m i
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Exercises ^ jQ Q | Ask Steve if he
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Exercises W hat are the people in t
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Exercises Look at the pictures. W h
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Exercises Look at the pictures. Com
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Exercises Kentham is a small town.
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Exercises £ J H Look at the two pi
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Exercises W rite about the weather
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Exercises Com plete these sentences
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Exercises U Q Answer with Do you? /
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Exercises ^ 2 0 1 Answer with So ..
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Exercises M ake these sentences neg
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Exercises Write questions. 1 I can
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Exercises M ake questions with w ho
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Exercises You want the missing info
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Exercises W rite questions with wha
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Exercises Look at the pictures and
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Exercises ( 2 1 Com plete the sente
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Exercises 6 D Read what these peopl
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Exercises Co m p let e the sentence
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Exercises Put the verb in the right
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Exercises W rite sentences beginnin
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Exercises Q ) W rite sentences begi
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Exercises W rite to/ on/ for where
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Exercises Com plete these sentences
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Exercises W rite m ake/ m aking/ m
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Exercises W rite the correct form o
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Exercises Com plete the sentences w
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Exercises Com plete the sentences i
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Exercises Com plete the sentences w
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Exercises ^ jj | | Answer the quest
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Exercises t f s w i Com plete the s
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Exercises Look at the family tree.
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Exercises W rite a or an. 1 an old
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Exercises m W rite the plural. 1 fl
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Exercises W hat are these things? S
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Exercises W hat can you see in thes
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Exercises W rit e a/ an o r t h e.
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Exercises ^ Put in the where necess
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Exercises vm W here are these peopl
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Exercises W h at do yo u t h in k a
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Exercises Answer these geography qu
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Exercises { g g A asks B some quest
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Exercises W rit e so m e o r an y.
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Exercises W rit e these sentences a
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Exercises * 7 * 1 Write these sente
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Exercises W rite som ebody (or som
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Exercises | Co m p let e t he sente
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Exercises ^ Q Q | Com plete the sen
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Exercises g g g W rite both/ either
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Exercises W rite m uch or many. 1 D
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Exercises CD Answer the questions w
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Exercises Put the words in the righ
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Exercises H H Look at the pictures
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Exercises m m Look at the pictures
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Exercises g y W rite sentences abou
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Exercises j a m Look at the picture
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Exercises m W rite sentences with c
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Exercises f g | Look at the picture
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Exercises ^ jjg|jp Look at the pict
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Page 214 and 215: Exercises 0 1m Look at the pictures
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Page 235 and 236: Appendix 2 List of irregular verbs
Page 237: Appendix 4 Short forms (he's / I'd
Page 241 and 242: Appendix 6 Phrasal verbs (take off
Page 243 and 244: Additional exercises List o f exerc
Page 245 and 246: Additional exercises present simple
Page 247 and 248: Additional exercises was/ were and
Page 249 and 250: Additional exercises present and pa
Page 251 and 252: Additional exercises O Com plete th
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Page 255 and 256: Additional exercises Active or pass
Page 257 and 258: Addit ional exercises past, present
Page 259 and 260: Additional exercises U n it s 5 1 -
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