INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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Hygiene, Natural and Logical Consequences, Conflict Resolution, Sexual Abuse, and Good and Bad Games and Touches. The latter two courses stood out to me as evident of the sexual abuse rate. Nancy confirmed that sexual education was important for even the toddlers, as many of them have had negative exposure. I was unable to attend any of these clinics, or any of the group counseling sessions, during my time in South Africa, but I gathered that these were largely corrective therapies, designed to intervene with very particular challenges such as language delays or defiant outbursts. I was able to ask Sarah Sunker, the center’s manager and Pastor Mike’s daughter in law about what she considered to be the children’s biggest psychological need. She answered that it was learning how to cope with a traumatic past. Many kids had come from extremely traumatic backgrounds. Nancy’s explanation of the sexual education program for the center included conversations with some of the youngest kids, as many of them had been sexually abused in the past. One of the few interventions offered was the Teddy Bear Clinic, attended by the center’s youngest children as post-abuse counseling. In spite of the range of supportive interventions, many of the children did not seem very encouraged to wholly process their past. “Many of them are told [by family members and peers] ‘why are you thinking about those negative things? It’s in the past,’” Sarah Sunker explained. “A lot of them end up avoiding having to process the difficult things that happened to them.” This explanation made sense of the affect of the children I interacted with, which was often happy and contented, but not always wholly engaged. I suspected that the repression of negative thoughts was a cultural norm, and when I asked Marc, he confirmed. “That’s right, that’s right,” he reflected. “They say that if it makes 89
you upset, just don’t think about it. But I think you have to. You need to process that thing that happened to you.” This cultural mindset would make sense of why many of the children across all departments described themselves as typically happy. I asked the three youngest departments to draw pictures of how their most common emotion, and over half drew faces meant to depict happiness. (For the youngest children, I gave them a template of a predrawn blank face for them to complete.) 90
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
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© 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
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NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
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Lastly, none of this would have bee
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
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Chapter Page Interpreting Findings
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
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with low resources. The popular per
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hemisphere in terms of aid and char
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and reports involving South African
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view that demonstrating compassiona
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understand the complexities surroun
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For the sake of consistency, the te
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Christianity served as a driving fa
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In Uganda, many non-governmental or
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childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
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this time period, the communist nat
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the later part of the twentieth cen
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International attention and policie
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parental adult figures active in ch
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societies do not have an option and
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culture, where things, concepts, an
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uses of the term are fluid, confirm
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“When people start an orphanage,
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features of South African townships
Page 51 and 52: elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
Page 53 and 54: Taking into account the wide variet
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Page 57 and 58: 2012) In a study on mental health p
Page 59 and 60: One substantial exception to this t
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
Page 63 and 64: In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66: facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68: teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70: facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72: knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74: South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76: needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78: This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80: a large staff to meet the variety o
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Page 83 and 84: portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86: and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88: would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90: themselves. It was through them tha
Page 91 and 92: majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94: inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96: Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98: children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100: depression were commonly reported.
Page 101: paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 105 and 106: not explicity prohibit corporal pun
Page 107 and 108: the year, going as far back as 2010
Page 109 and 110: After spending a large amount of ti
Page 111 and 112: “My dad is still alive,” Xolani
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Page 115 and 116: of terminology reflected the porous
Page 117 and 118: the children seem to have difficult
Page 119 and 120: them who could be on a similar traj
Page 121 and 122: to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
Page 123 and 124: The episode of expulsion clearly re
Page 125 and 126: candy house, a pair of women’s sh
Page 127 and 128: ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
Page 129 and 130: children at the center. Many of the
Page 131 and 132: Part of the reason for such an earl
Page 133 and 134: I asked Sarah about the large numbe
Page 135 and 136: difficult for me to provide help wi
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
Page 139 and 140: away in the earlier part of the yea
Page 141 and 142: My multiple-hours-long interaction
Page 143 and 144: encouragement to the younger ones.
Page 145 and 146: in financial habits. Collectivism e
Page 147 and 148: Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
Page 149 and 150: however it inevitably played a cruc
Page 151 and 152: where this transition even begins.
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what is the center committed to do
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shelter, a top expectation of the c
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his contribution as a gardener, alt
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passages of scripture relevant to c
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somewhat parallel to the experience
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to visit the United States on a fun
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intake, families are typically assu
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organizations that take aim at the
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CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
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the background that the children ar
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variation as to how the effects of
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institutionalized child care. Signi
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towards a more inclusive title. The
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organizations. This project takes f
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forward another suggestion: looking
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As these children, often from disad
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APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
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1) What is your age and what year a
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3) What do you do after you eat? 4
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12) What sorts of services do the c
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10) What are the biggest threats to
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10) Do you think the children are g
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Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
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aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
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AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
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Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
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Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
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Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
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Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
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Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
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Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
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Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
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Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
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Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
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Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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