INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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highlighting the diversity of situations that could lead to a child being categorized as OVC or the diversity of challenges that children in a single institution face could help restore some of the discourse’s missing nuances. Ethnographic Approaches Many of the studies of OVC have relied on either a local curation of a population or a sample size stemming from one or more institutions, based on the assumption that the children within an institution would share similar causes and measures of vulnerability. (Delva, 2009; Nyamukapa, 2010) These assumptions have been made with a fair amount of validated accuracy by the studies that followed, which suggests that institutions are an appropriate field for studying OVC, provided that the omission of children living with caregivers established by kinship networks, street children, children living under child-headed households, or in other scenarios is at minimal risk of altering results. As institutions show potential as a research field with a resident population, sociologically driven studies may be more effective in shaping an understanding of daily life for a child living at an institution than a more quantitative study or binary-based survey. Soliciting direct opinions and responses from children themselves to help craft this portrait is a method that has been occasionally employed, although not to the point where the responses have been seen to guide further research. Methods including participant observation and in-depth interviewing have been used minimally, thus far, and show promise as ethnographic tools. Few ethnographic approaches have been taken towards studying OVC populations, presenting a prominent gap in the literature. 45
One substantial exception to this trend was Thupayagale-Tshweneagae & Mokomane’s study on the needs of South African adolescents orphaned by AIDS as evidenced from the elicitation of photography. (2013) Using Photo-Voice as a qualitative, ethnographic response, the study was able to reveal the significance of the bereavement process for grieving adolescents, to ascertain the importance of hope and having a support system in some form, and to affirm the importance of receiving acceptance from a new caregiver. The photographs gathered by their study provided a means to gain insight into the experiences of the adolescent population in ways that would not have been fully represented by words, much less a more quantitative form of analysis. A proposed advantage of photography or other visual methods in research is the argument in favor of its ability to record non-verbal components of an interaction that do not transfer into writing. (Weidel, 1995) The study revealed insights with much in common with those gathered by quantitative researchers, but provided more depth to understanding the adolescents’ own understanding of bereavement. Studies employing photographs and other means of representing and processing a regular life experience of a polymorphous research population serves to encourage an active participation by informants. Research Questions All of the gaps in scholarship suggest several questions which I will attempt to answer through my research– Who are the children living at one of these institutions? Where did they come from and how did they end up at this care center? What are their 46
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
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© 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
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NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
Page 7 and 8: Lastly, none of this would have bee
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
Page 11 and 12: Chapter Page Interpreting Findings
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
Page 15 and 16: with low resources. The popular per
Page 17 and 18: hemisphere in terms of aid and char
Page 19 and 20: and reports involving South African
Page 21 and 22: view that demonstrating compassiona
Page 23 and 24: understand the complexities surroun
Page 25 and 26: For the sake of consistency, the te
Page 27 and 28: Christianity served as a driving fa
Page 29 and 30: In Uganda, many non-governmental or
Page 31 and 32: childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
Page 33 and 34: this time period, the communist nat
Page 35 and 36: the later part of the twentieth cen
Page 37 and 38: International attention and policie
Page 39 and 40: parental adult figures active in ch
Page 41 and 42: societies do not have an option and
Page 43 and 44: culture, where things, concepts, an
Page 45 and 46: uses of the term are fluid, confirm
Page 47 and 48: “When people start an orphanage,
Page 49 and 50: features of South African townships
Page 51 and 52: elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
Page 53 and 54: Taking into account the wide variet
Page 55 and 56: criminality one of the most urgent
Page 57: 2012) In a study on mental health p
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
Page 63 and 64: In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66: facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68: teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70: facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72: knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74: South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76: needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78: This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80: a large staff to meet the variety o
Page 81 and 82: certain nutrients.” The children
Page 83 and 84: portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86: and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88: would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90: themselves. It was through them tha
Page 91 and 92: majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94: inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96: Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98: children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100: depression were commonly reported.
Page 101 and 102: paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 103 and 104: you upset, just don’t think about
Page 105 and 106: not explicity prohibit corporal pun
Page 107 and 108: the year, going as far back as 2010
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After spending a large amount of ti
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“My dad is still alive,” Xolani
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siblings. This became particularly
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of terminology reflected the porous
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the children seem to have difficult
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them who could be on a similar traj
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to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
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The episode of expulsion clearly re
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candy house, a pair of women’s sh
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ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
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children at the center. Many of the
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Part of the reason for such an earl
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I asked Sarah about the large numbe
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difficult for me to provide help wi
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CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
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away in the earlier part of the yea
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My multiple-hours-long interaction
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encouragement to the younger ones.
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in financial habits. Collectivism e
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Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
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however it inevitably played a cruc
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where this transition even begins.
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what is the center committed to do
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shelter, a top expectation of the c
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his contribution as a gardener, alt
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passages of scripture relevant to c
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somewhat parallel to the experience
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to visit the United States on a fun
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intake, families are typically assu
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organizations that take aim at the
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CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
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the background that the children ar
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variation as to how the effects of
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institutionalized child care. Signi
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towards a more inclusive title. The
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organizations. This project takes f
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forward another suggestion: looking
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As these children, often from disad
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APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
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1) What is your age and what year a
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3) What do you do after you eat? 4
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12) What sorts of services do the c
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10) What are the biggest threats to
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10) Do you think the children are g
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Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
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aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
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AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
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Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
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Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
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Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
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Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
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Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
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Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
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Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
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Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
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Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
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Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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