INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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Chapter Page Lost in Translation .......................................................................................... 29 Definitions and Stigmas ...................................................................... 29 What Makes an Orphan an Orphan? ................................................... 30 From Townships to Institutionalization .............................................. 33 Street Children and Southern Africa ................................................... 36 Who Lives at an Orphanage? .............................................................. 38 The Challenges Facing South Africa’s OVC Population ............................... 40 Limited Resources .............................................................................. 40 Greater Risk of Criminal Activity ....................................................... 41 Mental Health and Developmental Effects ......................................... 43 Gaps in Scholarship ....................................................................................... 44 Studying for Differences ..................................................................... 44 Ethnographic Approaches ............................................................................... 45 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 46 III. METHODS ........................................................................................................... 48 Design of the Research ................................................................................... 48 Ethics and Human Subjects ............................................................................ 49 Principles of Ethnography ............................................................................... 51 Observations and Interviewing ....................................................................... 51 Visual Methods ............................................................................................... 55 Other Sources .................................................................................................. 56 Limitations/Delimitations ............................................................................... 56 x
Chapter Page Interpreting Findings ....................................................................................... 57 IV. THE CARE CENTER: A COMMUNITY WITHIN A COMMUNITY ............... 59 My Time at 5Cees ........................................................................................... 59 Physical Space ................................................................................................ 60 The Mission and Formation of 5Cees ............................................................. 61 Navigating Tensions ....................................................................................... 62 5Cees as an Organization ................................................................................ 64 5Cees as a Community .................................................................................... 70 V. EARLY CHILDHOOD (AGES 4-8) ..................................................................... 73 Reasons for Placement .................................................................................... 73 Life Before the Center ........................................................................ 76 Townships and Early Experiences ...................................................... 78 Crisis-Affected Families ..................................................................... 82 Psychological Challenges ............................................................................... 85 A Fluid Definition of Family ........................................................................... 97 VI. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (AGES 9-14) ................................................................ 105 Further Psychological Processing ................................................................... 106 Programs and Mentorships ............................................................................. 110 Safety is Always an Issue ............................................................................... 112 Unique Needs for Education ........................................................................... 115 Academics ........................................................................................... 120 Study Time .......................................................................................... 121 xi
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
Page 3 and 4: © 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
Page 5 and 6: NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
Page 7 and 8: Lastly, none of this would have bee
Page 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
Page 15 and 16: with low resources. The popular per
Page 17 and 18: hemisphere in terms of aid and char
Page 19 and 20: and reports involving South African
Page 21 and 22: view that demonstrating compassiona
Page 23 and 24: understand the complexities surroun
Page 25 and 26: For the sake of consistency, the te
Page 27 and 28: Christianity served as a driving fa
Page 29 and 30: In Uganda, many non-governmental or
Page 31 and 32: childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
Page 33 and 34: this time period, the communist nat
Page 35 and 36: the later part of the twentieth cen
Page 37 and 38: International attention and policie
Page 39 and 40: parental adult figures active in ch
Page 41 and 42: societies do not have an option and
Page 43 and 44: culture, where things, concepts, an
Page 45 and 46: uses of the term are fluid, confirm
Page 47 and 48: “When people start an orphanage,
Page 49 and 50: features of South African townships
Page 51 and 52: elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
Page 53 and 54: Taking into account the wide variet
Page 55 and 56: criminality one of the most urgent
Page 57 and 58: 2012) In a study on mental health p
Page 59 and 60: One substantial exception to this t
Page 61 and 62:
CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
Page 63 and 64:
In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66:
facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68:
teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70:
facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72:
knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74:
South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76:
needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78:
This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80:
a large staff to meet the variety o
Page 81 and 82:
certain nutrients.” The children
Page 83 and 84:
portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86:
and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88:
would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90:
themselves. It was through them tha
Page 91 and 92:
majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94:
inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96:
Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98:
children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100:
depression were commonly reported.
Page 101 and 102:
paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 103 and 104:
you upset, just don’t think about
Page 105 and 106:
not explicity prohibit corporal pun
Page 107 and 108:
the year, going as far back as 2010
Page 109 and 110:
After spending a large amount of ti
Page 111 and 112:
“My dad is still alive,” Xolani
Page 113 and 114:
siblings. This became particularly
Page 115 and 116:
of terminology reflected the porous
Page 117 and 118:
the children seem to have difficult
Page 119 and 120:
them who could be on a similar traj
Page 121 and 122:
to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
Page 123 and 124:
The episode of expulsion clearly re
Page 125 and 126:
candy house, a pair of women’s sh
Page 127 and 128:
ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
Page 129 and 130:
children at the center. Many of the
Page 131 and 132:
Part of the reason for such an earl
Page 133 and 134:
I asked Sarah about the large numbe
Page 135 and 136:
difficult for me to provide help wi
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
Page 139 and 140:
away in the earlier part of the yea
Page 141 and 142:
My multiple-hours-long interaction
Page 143 and 144:
encouragement to the younger ones.
Page 145 and 146:
in financial habits. Collectivism e
Page 147 and 148:
Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
Page 149 and 150:
however it inevitably played a cruc
Page 151 and 152:
where this transition even begins.
Page 153 and 154:
what is the center committed to do
Page 155 and 156:
shelter, a top expectation of the c
Page 157 and 158:
his contribution as a gardener, alt
Page 159 and 160:
passages of scripture relevant to c
Page 161 and 162:
somewhat parallel to the experience
Page 163 and 164:
to visit the United States on a fun
Page 165 and 166:
intake, families are typically assu
Page 167 and 168:
organizations that take aim at the
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
Page 171 and 172:
the background that the children ar
Page 173 and 174:
variation as to how the effects of
Page 175 and 176:
institutionalized child care. Signi
Page 177 and 178:
towards a more inclusive title. The
Page 179 and 180:
organizations. This project takes f
Page 181 and 182:
forward another suggestion: looking
Page 183 and 184:
As these children, often from disad
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
Page 187 and 188:
1) What is your age and what year a
Page 189 and 190:
3) What do you do after you eat? 4
Page 191 and 192:
12) What sorts of services do the c
Page 193 and 194:
10) What are the biggest threats to
Page 195 and 196:
10) Do you think the children are g
Page 197 and 198:
Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
Page 199 and 200:
aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
Page 201 and 202:
AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
Page 203 and 204:
Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
Page 205 and 206:
Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
Page 207 and 208:
Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
Page 209 and 210:
Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
Page 211 and 212:
Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
Page 213 and 214:
Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
Page 215 and 216:
Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
Page 217 and 218:
Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
Page 219 and 220:
Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
Page 221 and 222:
Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
Page 223 and 224:
210
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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