INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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oles would be treated so collectivistically that it would be impossible to maintain some sort of accountability to ensure those funds actually went towards the wellbeing of children. Because of the ubiquitous poverty and desperation among the population of South Africa, there was also an extreme risk of the system being manipulated as an income generating activity. With limited working social workers and government resources, the South African state would have a difficult time monitoring the system. I asked Pastor Mike about total adoption, and he mentioned that while it was rare, it was something he would prefer to foster care. “We’ve had one family we got in contact with through a wealthier church in the area take in five siblings. I was glad they were all still able to stay together, and they seem to have adjusted well to their new life.” One further way in which family lines were rendered more flexible for children at the center was the way in which a pseudo-family developed. Care mothers would often develop nurturing relationships with the younger children and would be relied on for immediate support. Children who had lived at the center for an extended amount of time would develop sibling-like bonds with some of the other children, and this was observable every time a former resident at the center would return for a visit. Even many of the staff members developed close attachments with the children, adding an extra element of complexity to family ties. Before continuing to the next chapter, which covers the challenges seen at the center throughout middle childhood for many of its residents, it will be helpful to once again recall the different challenges that children often bring with them into the center. Most of these challenges are psychological, often the result of an early childhood in townships with frequently changing family structures and resource insecurity. Many of 103
the children seem to have difficulty identifying their emotions, particularly negative emotions, and an inhibition towards remembering the past or imagining the future. In more extreme cases, some children exhibit reclusion or aggression. These psychological challenges often continue to evolve later in life as children begin their education and gain exposure to a generally unsafe environment in urban Johannesburg. These challenges and their presence over the following years of a child’s life will be explored in the next chapter. 104
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
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© 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
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NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
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Lastly, none of this would have bee
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
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Chapter Page Interpreting Findings
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
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with low resources. The popular per
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hemisphere in terms of aid and char
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and reports involving South African
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view that demonstrating compassiona
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understand the complexities surroun
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For the sake of consistency, the te
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Christianity served as a driving fa
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In Uganda, many non-governmental or
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childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
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this time period, the communist nat
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the later part of the twentieth cen
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International attention and policie
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parental adult figures active in ch
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societies do not have an option and
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culture, where things, concepts, an
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uses of the term are fluid, confirm
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“When people start an orphanage,
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features of South African townships
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elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
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Taking into account the wide variet
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criminality one of the most urgent
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2012) In a study on mental health p
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One substantial exception to this t
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CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
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In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66: facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68: teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70: facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72: knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74: South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76: needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78: This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80: a large staff to meet the variety o
Page 81 and 82: certain nutrients.” The children
Page 83 and 84: portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86: and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88: would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90: themselves. It was through them tha
Page 91 and 92: majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94: inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96: Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98: children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100: depression were commonly reported.
Page 101 and 102: paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 103 and 104: you upset, just don’t think about
Page 105 and 106: not explicity prohibit corporal pun
Page 107 and 108: the year, going as far back as 2010
Page 109 and 110: After spending a large amount of ti
Page 111 and 112: “My dad is still alive,” Xolani
Page 113 and 114: siblings. This became particularly
Page 115: of terminology reflected the porous
Page 119 and 120: them who could be on a similar traj
Page 121 and 122: to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
Page 123 and 124: The episode of expulsion clearly re
Page 125 and 126: candy house, a pair of women’s sh
Page 127 and 128: ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
Page 129 and 130: children at the center. Many of the
Page 131 and 132: Part of the reason for such an earl
Page 133 and 134: I asked Sarah about the large numbe
Page 135 and 136: difficult for me to provide help wi
Page 137 and 138: CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
Page 139 and 140: away in the earlier part of the yea
Page 141 and 142: My multiple-hours-long interaction
Page 143 and 144: encouragement to the younger ones.
Page 145 and 146: in financial habits. Collectivism e
Page 147 and 148: Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
Page 149 and 150: however it inevitably played a cruc
Page 151 and 152: where this transition even begins.
Page 153 and 154: what is the center committed to do
Page 155 and 156: shelter, a top expectation of the c
Page 157 and 158: his contribution as a gardener, alt
Page 159 and 160: passages of scripture relevant to c
Page 161 and 162: somewhat parallel to the experience
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organizations that take aim at the
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CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
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the background that the children ar
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variation as to how the effects of
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institutionalized child care. Signi
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towards a more inclusive title. The
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organizations. This project takes f
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forward another suggestion: looking
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As these children, often from disad
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APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
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1) What is your age and what year a
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3) What do you do after you eat? 4
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12) What sorts of services do the c
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10) What are the biggest threats to
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10) Do you think the children are g
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Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
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aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
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AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
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Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
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Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
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Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
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Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
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Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
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Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
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Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
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Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
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Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
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Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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