INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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In Sub-Saharan Africa, the rampant spread of the AIDS epidemic had captured the attention of Western media outlets during the 1990s. A downwards shift in stigmatism towards the disease from the previous decade, coupled with the globalization of social consciousness sparked a nascent interest in the social impact of the disease. Sub-Saharan Africa bore the largest burden of the disease, and in turn received the most international interest. In the last two decades of the century, the average life expectancy in Sub- Saharan Africa decreased from sixty-two years of age to forty-seven. As many adults with the disease died in middle age, children were frequently left orphaned, many of whom carried the disease themselves. (Rodney, et. al., 2010) This proliferation of AIDS orphans quickly became the most high-profile humanitarian crisis throughout the region. Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Sub Saharan Africa As more attention was given to the AIDS crisis in Southern Africa, involvement and interventions from wealthy nations came at an accelerated rate. The European Union implemented a policy for disease reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa, addressing HIV/AIDS alongside malaria and tuberculosis. The United States and other Group of Eight (G8) nations increased their aid budget. In the charitable organization sector, programs and methodologies were restructured as a response to a burgeoning crisis, resulting in further donations. (Piot & Seck, 2001) Celebrity interest from the likes of Bono, Madonna, and Oprah Winfrey furthered a cultural interest in the disease. (Bell, 2007) Both international policies and individual efforts redirected a surge of interest and funding in order to combat HIV/AIDS. 23
International attention and policies towards the AIDS epidemic resulted in many favorable outcomes. In urban areas of Zambia, sexual activity decreased and the use of condoms increased due to local awareness initiatives. (UNAIDS, 2000) Private foundations and pharmaceutical corporations helped expand access to antiretroviral (ARV) treatments across the region. (Libreville Ministry of Public Health and Population, 2001) Workplace policies were also revisited to prevent HIV discrimination in hiring, particularly in South Africa where pre-employment HIV screening by government departments was outlawed by the Employment Equity Act. (ILO, 2001) Alongside these indicators of fruitful campaigns, however, came critiques towards the West’s engagement with the epidemic. In a study of American volunteer attitudes and behaviors in South Africa, Mothers reports how the representation of HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa reinforced the notion of Africa as the “iconic place for Americans to do good.” (2010) This expanded on a history of hegemony, with the West as the giver of goods, services, morals, and knowledge, and Africa as the recipient, all drawn from a lingering culture of imperialism. (Tester, 2010) Mass popular efforts, such as Bono’s Product RED campaign to raise AIDS funding through an inter-corporate brand of products, were met with critiques of distancing the giving and receiving ends of the transaction and replacing the need for a contextualized understanding of poverty and AIDS. (Jungar & Salo, 2008) Numerous studies further revealed that the lack of context was impeding the efficacy of HIV/AIDS relief and advocacy, failing to explore how the disease not only affected orphans, but other children, caretakers, and South African society as a whole. (Monk, 2002) A more 24
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
Page 3 and 4: © 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
Page 5 and 6: NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
Page 7 and 8: Lastly, none of this would have bee
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
Page 11 and 12: Chapter Page Interpreting Findings
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
Page 15 and 16: with low resources. The popular per
Page 17 and 18: hemisphere in terms of aid and char
Page 19 and 20: and reports involving South African
Page 21 and 22: view that demonstrating compassiona
Page 23 and 24: understand the complexities surroun
Page 25 and 26: For the sake of consistency, the te
Page 27 and 28: Christianity served as a driving fa
Page 29 and 30: In Uganda, many non-governmental or
Page 31 and 32: childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
Page 33 and 34: this time period, the communist nat
Page 35: the later part of the twentieth cen
Page 39 and 40: parental adult figures active in ch
Page 41 and 42: societies do not have an option and
Page 43 and 44: culture, where things, concepts, an
Page 45 and 46: uses of the term are fluid, confirm
Page 47 and 48: “When people start an orphanage,
Page 49 and 50: features of South African townships
Page 51 and 52: elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
Page 53 and 54: Taking into account the wide variet
Page 55 and 56: criminality one of the most urgent
Page 57 and 58: 2012) In a study on mental health p
Page 59 and 60: One substantial exception to this t
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
Page 63 and 64: In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66: facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68: teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70: facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72: knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74: South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76: needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78: This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80: a large staff to meet the variety o
Page 81 and 82: certain nutrients.” The children
Page 83 and 84: portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86: and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88:
would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90:
themselves. It was through them tha
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majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94:
inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96:
Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98:
children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100:
depression were commonly reported.
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paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 103 and 104:
you upset, just don’t think about
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not explicity prohibit corporal pun
Page 107 and 108:
the year, going as far back as 2010
Page 109 and 110:
After spending a large amount of ti
Page 111 and 112:
“My dad is still alive,” Xolani
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siblings. This became particularly
Page 115 and 116:
of terminology reflected the porous
Page 117 and 118:
the children seem to have difficult
Page 119 and 120:
them who could be on a similar traj
Page 121 and 122:
to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
Page 123 and 124:
The episode of expulsion clearly re
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candy house, a pair of women’s sh
Page 127 and 128:
ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
Page 129 and 130:
children at the center. Many of the
Page 131 and 132:
Part of the reason for such an earl
Page 133 and 134:
I asked Sarah about the large numbe
Page 135 and 136:
difficult for me to provide help wi
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
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away in the earlier part of the yea
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My multiple-hours-long interaction
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encouragement to the younger ones.
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in financial habits. Collectivism e
Page 147 and 148:
Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
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however it inevitably played a cruc
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where this transition even begins.
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what is the center committed to do
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shelter, a top expectation of the c
Page 157 and 158:
his contribution as a gardener, alt
Page 159 and 160:
passages of scripture relevant to c
Page 161 and 162:
somewhat parallel to the experience
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to visit the United States on a fun
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intake, families are typically assu
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organizations that take aim at the
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CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
Page 171 and 172:
the background that the children ar
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variation as to how the effects of
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institutionalized child care. Signi
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towards a more inclusive title. The
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organizations. This project takes f
Page 181 and 182:
forward another suggestion: looking
Page 183 and 184:
As these children, often from disad
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
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1) What is your age and what year a
Page 189 and 190:
3) What do you do after you eat? 4
Page 191 and 192:
12) What sorts of services do the c
Page 193 and 194:
10) What are the biggest threats to
Page 195 and 196:
10) Do you think the children are g
Page 197 and 198:
Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
Page 199 and 200:
aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
Page 201 and 202:
AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
Page 203 and 204:
Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
Page 205 and 206:
Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
Page 207 and 208:
Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
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Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
Page 211 and 212:
Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
Page 213 and 214:
Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
Page 215 and 216:
Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
Page 217 and 218:
Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
Page 219 and 220:
Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
Page 221 and 222:
Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
Page 223 and 224:
210
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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