INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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In early 2013, I spent close to four months living and volunteering at 5Cees, or Christ Church Christian Care Center. At this care center for orphans and vulnerable children, I found a number of striking differences between my previous understanding of orphanages and what I observed. My role at the center during that visit was an amalgamation of various duties. I assisted with various administrative needs and helped maintain the center’s technology and infrastructure. I acted as a mentor to a few of the older teenage boys who have mostly aged out since. I also served as a tutor and supervisor during homework revision hours. Since that stay, I have maintained contact with a few key members of the center's staff, a few of the older children, and volunteers who have been able to return for other visits. This research was conducted in Johannesburg, back on the campus of 5Cees after months of preparatory study and literature review in Eugene, Oregon. My initial introduction to 5Cees came through Hope Community Church, a nondenominational Christian church that I attended during the years that I lived in Santa Barbara. It is worth noting for this study that I am a practicing Christian and hold beliefs and practices drawn from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ and influenced by histories, writings, communities, and interactions across different denominations of Christianity. My faith played an important role in this study because it allowed me a deeper level of understanding when it came to the center’s religious motivations. I was able to hear explanations and thoughts from its founder, a retired minister, with an ability to understand his faith-based priorities and intentions. Much of the center’s work draws from the Christian traditions of caring for the vulnerable populations orphans and widows, ideas that are expounded upon in the literature reviews, and I personally hold the 7
view that demonstrating compassionate care towards the disadvantaged and vulnerable is a core part of the teachings of Christ. It is also important to point out that I made every effort to be conscious of my own potential biases. The role of Christianity has been controversial when it comes to institutionalized child care and other similar services in the developing world, at times furthering harmful practices under the cover of good intentions. In some instances, Christian organizations have been criticized for making religious conversion a prerequiste to care, or for coercing beliefs on the population it serves. These criticisms are valid, from my perspective, and I believe faith-based rhetoric should not serve as an escape tactic to defend such practices. Throughout my time in South Africa, I also attempted to begin my outlook of the center from a neutral standpoint, and to counter any predispositions towards a positive outlook that come from a shared faith or a past experience. This study was also inspired by my spouse who is a qualified mental health care professional and a social worker interested in resiliency factors and the mental and behavioral development of children growing up under vulnerable conditions. She joined me in this study in order to help conduct the visual methods of my study in conjunction with art therapy activities. I have previously worked with children myself, as a special needs teacher and as an autism center clinician. 8
Page 1 and 2: INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URB
Page 3 and 4: © 2016 Philippe Lazaro iii
Page 5 and 6: NAME OF AUTHOR: Philippe Lazaro CUR
Page 7 and 8: Lastly, none of this would have bee
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. I
Page 11 and 12: Chapter Page Interpreting Findings
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Nkho
Page 15 and 16: with low resources. The popular per
Page 17 and 18: hemisphere in terms of aid and char
Page 19: and reports involving South African
Page 23 and 24: understand the complexities surroun
Page 25 and 26: For the sake of consistency, the te
Page 27 and 28: Christianity served as a driving fa
Page 29 and 30: In Uganda, many non-governmental or
Page 31 and 32: childhood. (Emihovich, 2006) A comm
Page 33 and 34: this time period, the communist nat
Page 35 and 36: the later part of the twentieth cen
Page 37 and 38: International attention and policie
Page 39 and 40: parental adult figures active in ch
Page 41 and 42: societies do not have an option and
Page 43 and 44: culture, where things, concepts, an
Page 45 and 46: uses of the term are fluid, confirm
Page 47 and 48: “When people start an orphanage,
Page 49 and 50: features of South African townships
Page 51 and 52: elatives and inherited kin. (MacLel
Page 53 and 54: Taking into account the wide variet
Page 55 and 56: criminality one of the most urgent
Page 57 and 58: 2012) In a study on mental health p
Page 59 and 60: One substantial exception to this t
Page 61 and 62: CHAPTER III METHODS Design of the R
Page 63 and 64: In order to ensure an ethical appro
Page 65 and 66: facilities before beginning a long
Page 67 and 68: teacher, a care mother, a social wo
Page 69 and 70: facilitators gain insight into the
Page 71 and 72:
knowledge. Images were observed for
Page 73 and 74:
South Africa, I wondered if that wa
Page 75 and 76:
needy, and destitute.” In most of
Page 77 and 78:
This flow of thought most accuratel
Page 79 and 80:
a large staff to meet the variety o
Page 81 and 82:
certain nutrients.” The children
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portion of its revenue from investm
Page 85 and 86:
and critical to address. Organizing
Page 87 and 88:
would help to paint a picture of th
Page 89 and 90:
themselves. It was through them tha
Page 91 and 92:
majority. Marc claimed that Johanne
Page 93 and 94:
inferred that Nkokheli’s artistic
Page 95 and 96:
Crisis-Affected Families Health and
Page 97 and 98:
children. In the case of Zukela, a
Page 99 and 100:
depression were commonly reported.
Page 101 and 102:
paperwork and bureaucracy that come
Page 103 and 104:
you upset, just don’t think about
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not explicity prohibit corporal pun
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the year, going as far back as 2010
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After spending a large amount of ti
Page 111 and 112:
“My dad is still alive,” Xolani
Page 113 and 114:
siblings. This became particularly
Page 115 and 116:
of terminology reflected the porous
Page 117 and 118:
the children seem to have difficult
Page 119 and 120:
them who could be on a similar traj
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to be addressed. Unlike with psycho
Page 123 and 124:
The episode of expulsion clearly re
Page 125 and 126:
candy house, a pair of women’s sh
Page 127 and 128:
ecent life updates, he rolled up hi
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children at the center. Many of the
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Part of the reason for such an earl
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I asked Sarah about the large numbe
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difficult for me to provide help wi
Page 137 and 138:
CHAPTER VII THE END OF CHILDHOOD (A
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away in the earlier part of the yea
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My multiple-hours-long interaction
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encouragement to the younger ones.
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in financial habits. Collectivism e
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Upward mobility Cases like Lindela,
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however it inevitably played a cruc
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where this transition even begins.
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what is the center committed to do
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shelter, a top expectation of the c
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his contribution as a gardener, alt
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passages of scripture relevant to c
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somewhat parallel to the experience
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to visit the United States on a fun
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intake, families are typically assu
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organizations that take aim at the
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CHAPTER IX CONCLUSION After the Stu
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the background that the children ar
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variation as to how the effects of
Page 175 and 176:
institutionalized child care. Signi
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towards a more inclusive title. The
Page 179 and 180:
organizations. This project takes f
Page 181 and 182:
forward another suggestion: looking
Page 183 and 184:
As these children, often from disad
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX A. List of Subjects Interv
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1) What is your age and what year a
Page 189 and 190:
3) What do you do after you eat? 4
Page 191 and 192:
12) What sorts of services do the c
Page 193 and 194:
10) What are the biggest threats to
Page 195 and 196:
10) Do you think the children are g
Page 197 and 198:
Barbarin, O. A., & Richter, L. (200
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aid and democracy promotion (pp. 21
Page 201 and 202:
AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town
Page 203 and 204:
Drah, B.B., (2014). Queen mothers,
Page 205 and 206:
Address the Needs of Orphans and Ot
Page 207 and 208:
Education. 45(1-2), pp. 51-66. John
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Maslow, A.H. (1948) A Theory of Hum
Page 211 and 212:
Mnubi-Mchombu, C., Mostert, J., Och
Page 213 and 214:
Olanrewaju, A.D., Jeffery, C., Cros
Page 215 and 216:
Ramphele, M. (2002) Steering by the
Page 217 and 218:
Schene, P. A. (1998). Past, present
Page 219 and 220:
Tagurum, Y. O.; Chirdan, O. O.; Bel
Page 221 and 222:
Psychology and Psychiatry, 11(2), p
Page 223 and 224:
210
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INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILD CARE IN URBAN SOUTH AFRICA

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