Helmet-Mounted Displays: - USAARL - The - U.S. Army

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PREFACE Over the past 30 years, there have been innumerable articles and scientific papers which address the design and performance of helmet- and head-mounted display systems. A large portion of this book is the result of a careful and comprehensive analysis of this literature. With the fielding of various military systems, research within this area has accelerated greatly since the mid-1980s. While this book is intended to provide a fairly comprehensive overview of this area of technology and its interface with a human observer, it is not exhaustive. Only a few comprehensive books currently are available on helmetmounted displays. Most definitive is Melzer’s and Moffitt’s Head Mounted Displays: Designing for the user (McGraw Hill, 1997). Our offering differs from theirs in two major ways. First, we focus on the use of helmetmounted displays in rotary-wing aircraft (helicopters) in Army aviation. It is worth noting that the U.S. Army has flown with image intensifier helmetmounted displays (Night Vision Goggles) since the early 1970s and has fielded the integrated helmet-mounted display (the Integrated Helmet and Display Sight System (IHADSS), manufactured by Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, and used in the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter). Second, the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory (USAARL), Fort Rucker, Alabama, has over 25 years of experience with the design and performance of helmet- and head-mounted display systems. From 1972 to 1998, USAARL has published over 135 reports and articles dealing with helmet-mounted displays and the most important issue of interfacing these displays to the user (aviator). USAARL’s helmet-mounted display program is multidisciplined, combining research and development with testing and evaluation, running the gamut of optics, vision, acoustics, audition, biodynamics, safety, and human factors. The authors also would like to call the reader’s attention to the annual SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, Washington, conferences on head- and helmet-mounted displays and the conference proceedings which provide a review of ongoing research and testing of these display systems. xiii
xiv Preface Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in the preparation of this paper: Jim Brindle, LME, Warminster, Pennsylvania; Vic Arnold and Bob Whitcraft, Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota; Tom Mueller, Camber Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri; Raj Kausik, Sikorsky, Stratford, Connecticut; Brian Tsou, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Lauren Haworth, Aeroflightdynamics Directorate, Moffett Field, California and Gerald Johnson, Gentex Corporation, Carbondale, Pennsylvania. Everette McGowin III, Barbara S. Reynolds, and Elizabeth B. Rash are commended for their painstaking work in creating the index and glossary. John S. Martin and John D. Sowell, Fort Rucker, Alabama, are acknowledged for their invaluable assistance in creating many of the figures and tables. Cover design is by John C. Mora and John S. Martin based on original artwork by John D. Sowell. Clarence E. Rash Fort Rucker, Alabama
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Page 4 and 5: The views, opinions, and/or finding
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Optical Designs 3 William E. McLean
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Optical Designs 57 and plotted in l
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Optical Designs 61 optics. Examples
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80 Clarence E. Rash hinted at befor
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84 Clarence E. Rash the performance
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86 Clarence E. Rash Figure 4.3. Hig
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88 Clarence E. Rash imagery in HMDs
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90 Clarence E. Rash as with ANVIS.
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92 Clarence E. Rash performance, on
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94 Clarence E. Rash effects on visu
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96 Clarence E. Rash concerning roll
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98 Aeromedical Research Laboratory.
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DESIGN ISSUES PART TWO
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168 Number of SOG = � log (C r) /
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Visual Performance 6 William E. McL
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Visual Performance 171 observer is
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seen. Visual Performance 173 Figure
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Visual Performance 175 perception.
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Visual Performance 177 with monovis
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Visual Performance 179 individuals
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Visual Performance 181 0 to -5.25 d
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Visual Performance 183 Report No. 9
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Biodynamics 7 B. Joseph McEntire He
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Biodynamics 187 behavior of this de
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Figure 7.2. Head anatomical coordin
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Biodynamics 191
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Biodynamics 193 al., 1972), and man
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Biodynamics 195 Figure 7.5. Vertica
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Biodynamics 197 disability and fata
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Biodynamics 199 been fabricated int
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Biodynamics 201 Ty pic al acc ele r
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Biodynamics 203 exceed the mechanic
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Biodynamics 205 complexity and comp
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Type Reference helmet Foam in place
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Biodynamics 209 the fitting problem
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Biodynamics 211 adjustment buckle,
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Biodynamics 213 down. The helmet ma
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Biodynamics 215 Desert Shield/Deser
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Biodynamics 217 Donelson, S. M., an
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219 Fort Rucker, AL: U.S. Army Aero
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220 Ben T. Mozo Figure 8.1. Noise l
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222 Ben T. Mozo available in the ne
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224 Ben T. Mozo Protectors”(ANSI,
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226 Ben T. Mozo language. Tests of
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228 Ben T. Mozo Figure 8.6. Speech
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230 Ben T. Mozo the communications
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232 Ben T. Mozo Item Mass (grams) C
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Ribera, J. E., and Mozo, B. T. Unda
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236 Joseph R. Licina operational us
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238 Joseph R. Licina Standard MIL-S
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240 Joseph R. Licina On electro-opt
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242 Joseph R. Licina For HMDs with
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244 Joseph R. Licina 1994b) that wi
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246 Joseph R. Licina Table 9.2. Hea
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248 Joseph R. Licina provided a 93.
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252 Joseph R. Licina authorized to
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HMD PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT PART THR
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262 Clarence E. Rash, John C. Mora,
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Glossary 11
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270 making stereoposis possible. Bi
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272 John C. Mora and M elissa H. Le
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NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Melissa H. Le
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Notes on Contributors 281 Research
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284 Index Breakaway force (see Fran
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286 Index movement, 55, 80, 84, 90,
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288 Index 198, 204, 205, 208, 210,
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290 Index Microphone, 15, 186, 224,
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292 Index Speech intelligibility (S
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